Pathways

Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug used in the management of schizophrenia, bipolar 1 disorder, and agitation associated with these disorders. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. Allergies causes blood vessel dilation which causes swelling (edema) and fluid leakage. Olanzapine also inhibits the H1 histamine receptor on bronchiole smooth muscle myocytes. This normally activates the Gq signalling cascade which activates phospholipase C which catalyzes the production of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). Because of the inhibition, IP3 doesn't activate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and DAG doesn't activate the release of calcium into the cytosol of the endothelial cell. This causes a low concentration of calcium in the cytosol, and it, therefore, cannot bind to calmodulin.Calcium bound calmodulin is required for the activation of myosin light chain kinase. This prevents the phosphorylation of myosin light chain 3, causing an accumulation of myosin light chain 3. This causes muscle relaxation, opening up the bronchioles in the lungs, making breathing easier.

Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug used in the management of schizophrenia, bipolar 1 disorder, and agitation associated with these disorders. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. Allergies causes blood vessel dilation which causes swelling (edema) and fluid leakage.Olanzapine inhibits the H1 histamine receptor on blood vessel endothelial cells. This normally activates the Gq signalling cascade which activates phospholipase C which catalyzes the production of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). Because of the inhibition, IP3 doesn't activate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and DAG doesn't activate the release of calcium into the cytosol of the endothelial cell. This causes a low concentration of calcium in the cytosol, and it, therefore, cannot bind to calmodulin. Calcium bound calmodulin is required for the activation of the calmodulin-binding domain of nitric oxide synthase. The inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis prevents the activation of myosin light chain phosphatase. This causes an accumulation of myosin light chain-phosphate which causes the muscle to contract and the blood vessel to constrict, decreasing the swelling and fluid leakage from the blood vessels caused by allergens.

Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug used in the management of schizophrenia, bipolar 1 disorder, and agitation associated with these disorders. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.

Olanzapine is a thienobenzodiazepine that is an atypical antipsychotic drug, as it has a reduced risk for off-target side effects and improved efficacy than typical or first-generation antipsychotic drugs. Olanzapine is commonly used to manage schizophrenia, bipolar 1 disorder, and other related symptoms associated with these disorders. Olanzapine is normally administered orally but can be injected intramuscularly, and can be used in combination with lithium or valproate for treatment specifically the short-term treatment of acute manic episodes of bipolar 1 disorder in adults. Olanzapine acts on multiple neuronal receptors as an antagonist, the receptors it acts on include dopamine receptors D1, D2, D3, and D4 in the brain, serotonin receptors 5HT2A, 5HT2C, 5HT3 and 5HT6, alpha 1 adrenergic receptor, histamine receptor H1 and multiple muscarinic receptors. Due to its ability to act on a variety of receptors, it has a wide range of targets and effects. It has an affinity for D2 receptors and will compete to bind with dopamine, causing a decrease in potential action at the post synaptic receptor. Olanzapine is taken daily and reaches steady state concentration in a week and will not exceed 150ng/ml in plasma concentration after this. Hepatic metabolism breaks down 40% of the administered dose, CYP1A2 breaks down olanzapine into clinically inactive forms and CYP2D6 breaks down olanzapine into active metabolites. It is eliminated by hepatic metabolism mainly, with the rest of the drug excreted through urine and feces. Some side effects of olanzapine include somnolence, pupil dilation, blurred vision, respiratory depression, hypotension, motor symptoms, and anticholinergic effects. Food consumption does not affect absorption of Olanzapine, and avoid alcohol as it may cause adverse effects in the central nervous system and hypotension.

Olanzapine is an atypical (second-generation) antipsychotic that exerts its action primarily on dopamine and serotonin receptors. It works on dopamine D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway as an antagonist, blocking dopamine from potential action at the post-synaptic receptor. Olanzapine binds loosely to the receptor and dissociates easily, allowing for normal dopamine neurotransmission.The effect on the D2 receptors leads to a decrease in positive symptoms in patients, including hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech, thought, and behavior. Olanzapine works similarly on serotonin 5HT2A receptors in the frontal cortex as an antagonist. The effect of olanzapine on serotonin decreases negative symptoms, including anhedonia, flat affect, alogia, avolition, and poor attention.

Metabolites of Olaparib are predicted with biotransformer.

Atorvastatin is a medication used to lower “bad cholesterol.” It is commonly sold as Lipitor. It is part of the drug class called “statins.” Having high levels of “bad cholesterol” can lead to heart attack or stroke, and is usually caused by poor dietary habits. Atorvastatin works by inhibiting the production of cholesterol that is created in the liver. It inhibits an enzyme called hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. This enzyme is responsible for converting HMG-CoA into mevalonic acid. This conversion is one of the reactions in the chain of reactions that metabolizes lipids and transports lipids. This drug was approved by the FDA in 1996.

old model of cco1 for group meeting