PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW012956 View Pathway	metabolic Photosynthesis (Light-Dependent Reactions) Arabidopsis thaliana Photosynthesis involves the transfer and harvesting of energy from sunlight and the fixation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. This process occurs in higher plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. Oxygenic photosynthesis requires water, which acts as an electron donor molecule. The reactions which involve the trapping of sunlight are known as "light reactions", and result in the production of NADPH, adenosine triphosphate, and molecular oxygen. The "dark reactions" are known as the Calvin cycle, and involve the use of the products of the light reactions to fix carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis begins with photosystem II, located in the thylakoid membrane within chloroplasts, which captures light energy to transfer electrons from water to plastoquinone. This process generates oxygen as well as a proton gradient used to synthesize ATP. The D1/D2 (psbA/psbD) reaction center heterodimer binds P680, the primary electron donor of PSII as well as several subsequent electron acceptors. Next, the cytochrome b6-f complex mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). Plastoquinol shuttles electrons from PSII to cytochrome b6-f complex. Plastocyanin shuttles electrons from cytochrome b6-f complex to PSI. Photosystem I is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase which uses light energy to transfer an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the electron acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn. The function of PSI is to produce the NADPH necessary for the reduction of CO2 in the Calvin-Benson cycle. Finally, the proton gradient allows ATPase to synthesize ATP from ADP. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Carin Li Created On: April 11, 2017 at 09:04 Last Updated: April 11, 2017 at 09:04
PW123623 View Pathway	metabolic Photosynthesis 1571953861 Arabidopsis thaliana BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Frank Emanuele Created On: October 24, 2019 at 15:52 Last Updated: October 24, 2019 at 15:52
PW146620 View Pathway	drug action Phthalylsulfathiazole Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 18:38 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 18:38
PW012901 View Pathway	metabolic Phylloquinol Biosynthesis Arabidopsis thaliana Phylloquinol biosynthesis is a pathway that occurs in the cytoplast by which geranylgeranyl diphosphate and 2-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinol becomes phylloquinol, a naphtoquinone designated as vitamin K1 (along with phylloquinone) which posttranslatonally modifies precursors for blood coagualation. The three reactions of the subpathway to synthesize phytyl diphosphate from geranylgeranyl diphosphate are catalyzed by the same enzyme, geranylgeranyl dehydrogenase. This enzyme converts geranylgeranyl diphosphate into dihydrogeranylgeranyl diphosphate, dihydrogeranylgeranyl diphosphate into tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl diphosphate, and tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl diphosphate into phytyl diphosphate. The single reaction of the subpathway to synthesize 2-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone from 2-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinol is catalyzed by 2-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinol reductase. Next, the chloroplast-membrane-associated enzyme 2-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone phytyltransferase (coloured dark green in the image) converts phytyl diphosphate and 2-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone into demethylphylloquinone. Then, demethylphylloquinone dehydrogenase uses FAD as a cofactor to convert demethylphylloquinone into demethylphylloquinol. Lastly, demethylphylloquinol methyltransferase converts demethylphylloquinol into phylloquinol. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Carin Li Created On: February 23, 2017 at 02:05 Last Updated: February 23, 2017 at 02:05
PW145120 View Pathway	drug action Phylloquinone Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 15:07 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 15:07
PW126620 View Pathway	drug action Physostigmine Action Pathway Homo sapiens Physostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat glaucoma and anticholinergic toxicity. It is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. In the neuron, acetylcholine is synthesized form acetyl-coa and choline, and stored into synaptic vesicles. When an action potential arrives at the nerve terminal, voltage gated calcium channels open leading to an influx of calcium ions into the neuron. This triggers the docking of the synaptic vesicle and release of acetylcholine into the synapse. Acetylcholine acts on M3 receptors on the post synaptic membrane. M3 receptors are coupled to Gq signaling cascade. The downstream signaling causes the ciliary muscle of the eye to contract. This increase results in increased aqueous humor flow and a decrease in intraocular pressure. The acetylcholine in the synapse is cleared rapidly by acetylcholinesterase which breaks acetylcholine down into choline and acetate. Choline is taken back up into the presynaptic neuron and recycled to produce more acetylcholine. Physostigmine inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which normally breaks down acetylcholine. The main pharmacological actions of this drug are believed to occur as the result of this enzyme inhibition, enhancing cholinergic transmission. Common adverse effects include nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, lacrimation, dyspnea, miosis, sweating. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Karxena Harford Created On: January 30, 2022 at 23:34 Last Updated: January 30, 2022 at 23:34
PW127962 View Pathway	drug action Physostigmine Action Pathway Homo sapiens Physostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat glaucoma, once administered it is rapidly absorbed and can travel across membranes even the blood-brain barrier. Physostigmine acts on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibits it so it cannot break down acetylcholine. By doing so it keeps acetylcholine available within the synaptic cleft continuing to act on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Selena Created On: June 22, 2023 at 14:44 Last Updated: June 22, 2023 at 14:44
PW128218 View Pathway	drug action Physostigmine Action Pathway (new) Homo sapiens Physostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat glaucoma, once administered it is rapidly absorbed and can travel across membranes even the blood-brain barrier. Physostigmine acts on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibits it so it cannot break down acetylcholine. By doing so it keeps acetylcholine available within the synaptic cleft continuing to act on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Selena Created On: August 03, 2023 at 15:27 Last Updated: August 03, 2023 at 15:27
PW145079 View Pathway	drug action Physostigmine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 15:02 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 15:02
PW176398 View Pathway	metabolic Physostigmine Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of Physostigmine are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 07, 2023 at 16:48 Last Updated: December 07, 2023 at 16:48