PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW126033 View Pathway	drug action Timolol Action Pathway (New) Homo sapiens Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker used in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in ocular hypertension or open angle glaucoma. Timolol competes with adrenergic neurotransmitters for binding to beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and the beta(2)-receptors in the vascular and bronchial smooth muscle. This leads to diminished actions of catecholamines, which normally bind to adrenergic receptors and exert sympathetic effects leading to an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Beta(1)-receptor blockade by timolol leads to a decrease in both heart rate and cardiac output during rest and exercise, and a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In addition to this, a reduction in reflex orthostatic hypotension may also occur. The blockade of beta(2) receptors by timolol in the blood vessels leads to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, reducing blood pressure. The exact mechanism by which timolol reduces ocular pressure is unknown at this time, however, it likely decreases the secretion of aqueous humor in the eye. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Karxena Harford Created On: May 27, 2021 at 09:18 Last Updated: May 27, 2021 at 09:18
PW128102 View Pathway	drug action Timolol B1-Adrenergic Cardiac Muscle Relaxation Action Pathway Homo sapiens Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker used in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in ocular hypertension or open angle glaucoma. Timolol competes with adrenergic neurotransmitters for binding to beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and the beta(2)-receptors in the vascular and bronchial smooth muscle. This leads to diminished actions of catecholamines, which normally bind to adrenergic receptors and exert sympathetic effects leading to an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Beta(1)-receptor blockade by timolol leads to a decrease in both heart rate and cardiac output during rest and exercise, and a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In addition to this, a reduction in reflex orthostatic hypotension may also occur. Timolol, when administered by the ophthalmic route, rapidly reduces intraocular pressure. When administered in the tablet form, it reduces blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output, and decreases sympathetic activity. It can be found under the brand names Azarga, Betimol, Combigan, Cosopt, Duotrav, Istalol, Timoptic, and Xalacom. Some side effects of using Timolol may include eye pain, swollen eyelids, and dry mouth. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Hayley Created On: July 17, 2023 at 16:37 Last Updated: July 17, 2023 at 16:37
PW127818 View Pathway	drug action Timolol B2-Adrenergic Ciliary Muscle Contraction Action Pathway Homo sapiens Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker used in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in ocular hypertension or open angle glaucoma. Timolol competes with adrenergic neurotransmitters for binding to beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and the beta(2)-receptors in the vascular and bronchial smooth muscle. This leads to diminished actions of catecholamines, which normally bind to adrenergic receptors and exert sympathetic effects leading to an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. The blockade of beta(2) receptors by timolol in the blood vessels leads to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, reducing blood pressure. The exact mechanism by which timolol reduces ocular pressure is unknown at this time, however, it likely decreases the secretion of aqueous humor in the eye. Timolol, when administered by the ophthalmic route, rapidly reduces intraocular pressure. When administered in the tablet form, it reduces blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output, and decreases sympathetic activity. It can be found under the brand names Azarga, Betimol, Combigan, Cosopt, Duotrav, Istalol, Timoptic, and Xalacom. Some side effects of using Timolol may include eye pain, swollen eyelids, and dry mouth. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Hayley Created On: June 06, 2023 at 08:24 Last Updated: June 06, 2023 at 08:24
PW144499 View Pathway	drug action Timolol Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 13:45 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 13:45
PW132360 View Pathway	metabolic Tinidazole Drug Metabolism Homo sapiens Tinidazole is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Tinidazole passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: September 21, 2023 at 21:11 Last Updated: September 21, 2023 at 21:11
PW145012 View Pathway	drug action Tinidazole Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:55 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:55
PW127758 View Pathway	drug action Tinzaparin Action Pathway Homo sapiens Tinzaparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), it is an anticoagulant that halts the formation of thrombi. It binds to antithrombin III forming a complex that speeds up the inhibition of factor Xa. This stops the generation of thrombin and the coagulation cascade, it is administered via subcutaneous injection. Through the liver, it is metabolized through sulfation and polymerization and is eliminated through the kidneys. There is some risk of osteoporosis with increasing duration of use, bleeding, alopecia, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). It can interact with herbs and supplements, so avoid those with anticoagulants and antiplatelet activity such as garlic, ginger, bilberry, danshen, piracetam and ginkgo bilba. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Selena Created On: May 30, 2023 at 14:28 Last Updated: May 30, 2023 at 14:28
PW145822 View Pathway	drug action Tinzaparin Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 16:45 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 16:45
PW126993 View Pathway	drug action Tioconazole Action Pathway Homo sapiens Tioconazole is an imidazole antifungal drug used primarily for vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection), but it can be used for skin infections such as ringworm, jock itch, athlete's foot, and tinea versicolor or "sun fungus". Tioconazole is applied topically to the infected area then absorbed into the infected cell to target the fungal cells. It can also be taken orally. Terconazole inhibits lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase in the endoplasmic reticulum of fungal cells. Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of 4,4'-dimethyl cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3-beta-ol from lanosterol. With this enzyme inhibited ergosterol synthesis cannot occur which causes a significant low concentration of ergosterol in the fungal cell. Ergosterol is essential in maintaining membrane integrity in fungi. Without ergosterol, the fungus cell cannot synthesize membranes thereby increasing fluidity and preventing growth of new cells. This leads to cell lysis which causes it to collapse and die. Through unknown mechanisms, tioconazole may also inhibit endogenous respiration, interact with membrane phospholipids, inhibit the transformation of yeasts to mycelial forms and the uptake of purine, impair triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis, and inhibit the movement of calcium and potassium ions across the cell membrane by blocking the ion transport pathway known as the Gardos channel. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: June 09, 2022 at 11:53 Last Updated: June 09, 2022 at 11:53
PW145105 View Pathway	drug action Tioconazole Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 15:05 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 15:05