Pathways

Purine is a water soluble, organic compound. Purines, including purines that have been substituted, are the most widely distributed kind of nitrogen-containing heterocycle in nature. The two most important purines are adenine and guanine. Other notable examples are hypoxanthine, xanthine, theobromine, caffeine, uric acid and isoguanine. This pathway depicts a number of processes including purine nucleotide biosynthesis, purine degradation and purine salvage. The main organ where purine nucleotides are created is the liver. This process starts as 5-phospho-α-ribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, or PRPP, and creates inosine 5’-monophosphate, or IMP. Following a series of reactions, PRPP uses compounds such as tetrahydrofolate derivatives, glycine and ATP, and IMP is produced as a result. Glutamine PRPP amidotransferase catalyzes PRPP into 5-phosphoribosylamine, or PRA. 5-phosphoribosylamine is converted to glycinamide ribotide (GAR) then to formyglycinamide ribotide (FGAR). This set of reactions is catalyzed by a trifunctional enzyme containing GAR synthetase, GAR transformylase and AIR synthetase. FGAR is converted to formylglycinamidine-ribonucleotide (FGAM) by formylglycinamide synthase. FGAM is then converted by aminoimidzaole ribotide synthase to 5-aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) then carboxylated by aminoimidazole ribotide carboxylase to carboxyaminoimidazole ribotide (CAIR). CAIR is then converted tosuccinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (SAICAR) by succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide synthase followed by conversion to AICAR (via adenylsuccinate lyase) then to FAICAR (via aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide transformylase). FAICAR is finally converted to inosine monophosphate (IMP) by IMP cyclohydrolase. Because of the complexity of this synthetic process, the purine ring is actually composed of atoms derived from many different molecules. The N1 atom arises from the amine group of Asp, the C2 and C8 atoms originate from formate, the N3 and N9 atoms come from the amide group of Gln, the C4, C5 and N7 atoms come from Gly and the C6 atom comes from CO2. IMP creates a fork in the road for the creation of purine, as it can either become GMP or AMP. AMP is generated from IMP via adenylsuccinate synthetase (which adds aspartate) and adenylsuccinate lyase. GMP is generated via the action of IMP dehydrogenase and GMP synthase. Purine nucleotides being catabolized creates uric acid. Beginning from AMP, the enzymes AMP deaminase and nucleotidase work in concert to generate inosine. Alternately, AMP may be dephosphorylate by nucleotidase and then adenosine deaminase (ADA) converts the free adenosine to inosine. The enzyme purine nucleotide phosphorylase (PNP) converts inosine to hypoxanthine, while xanthine oxidase converts hypoxanthine to xanthine and finally to uric acid. GMP and XMP can also be converted to uric acid via the action of nucleotidase, PNP, guanine deaminase and xanthine oxidase. Nucleotide creation stemming from the purine bases and purine nucleosides happens in steps that are called the “salvage pathways”. The free purine bases phosphoribosylated and reconverted to their respective nucleotides.

The purine deoxyribonucleosides degradation starts with deoxyadenosine reacting with a water molecule and a hydrogen in through a deoxyadenosune deaminase resulting in the release of ammonium and a deoxyinosine. Deoxyinosine reacts in a reversible manner with phosphate through a deoxyinosine phosphorylase resulting in the release of a hypoxanthine and a 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose-1-phosphate. Deoxyadenosine reacts with a phosphate through a deoxyadenosine phosphorylase resulting in the release of adenine and a 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose-1-phosphate. This compound in turn reacts with guanine through a deoxyguanosine phosphorylase resulting in the release of a phosphate and a deoxyguanosine. Deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate reacts with a deoxyribose 1,5-phosphomutase resulting in the release of a 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5 phosphate. This compound in turn reacts with deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase resulting in the release of an acetaldehyde and a a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Pseudouridine is phosphorylated by interacting with atp and a psuK resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. The latter compound then reacts with water through a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase resulting in the release of a uracil and D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate

Pseudouridine is phosphorylated by interacting with atp and a psuK resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. The latter compound then reacts with water through a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase resulting in the release of a uracil and D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate

Pseudouridine is phosphorylated by interacting with atp and a psuK resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. The latter compound then reacts with water through a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase resulting in the release of a uracil and D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate

Pseudouridine is phosphorylated by interacting with atp and a psuK resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. The latter compound then reacts with water through a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase resulting in the release of a uracil and D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate

Pseudouridine is phosphorylated by interacting with atp and a psuK resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. The latter compound then reacts with water through a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase resulting in the release of a uracil and D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate

Pseudouridine is phosphorylated by interacting with atp and a psuK resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. The latter compound then reacts with water through a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase resulting in the release of a uracil and D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate

Pseudouridine is phosphorylated by interacting with atp and a psuK resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. The latter compound then reacts with water through a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase resulting in the release of a uracil and D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate

Pseudouridine is phosphorylated by interacting with atp and a psuK resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. The latter compound then reacts with water through a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase resulting in the release of a uracil and D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate