Penbutolol (also known as Levatol or Levatolol) is a beta blocker (non-selective) that are used for treat high blood pressure or chest pain. Penbutolol bind to beta1-adrenergic receptors in heart and vascular smooth muscle to block the binding of other adrenergic neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, which lead to decreased blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output. Penbutolol can also bind beta-2 adrenergic receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus and bronchiole smooth muscle. In juxtaglomerular apparatus, penbutolol can prevent the production of aldosterone and angiotensin II by inhibiting renin production, which lead to prevention of water retention and vasoconstriction. In bronchiole smooth muscle, binding of penbutolol to beta-2 adrenergic receptors can also prevent vasoconstriction.
References
Penbutolol Pathway References
Borchard, U. Pharmacological properties of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology. 1998;1(1):5-9.
DiPiro, J.T., Talbert, R.L., Yee, G.C., Matzke, G.R., Wells, B.G, & Posey, M.L. Pharmacotherapy: A pathologic approach. (6th ed) (2005) p.207-208. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division.
Striated Muscle Contraction References
Cooke R: The sliding filament model: 1972-2004. J Gen Physiol. 2004 Jun;123(6):643-56. doi: 10.1085/jgp.200409089.
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