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Pathway Description
Spermidine Biosynthesis and Metabolism
Escherichia coli
Metabolic Pathway
Spermidine metabolism starts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine reacting with a hydrogen ion through a adenosylmethionine decarboxylase resulting in the release of a carbon dioxide and a S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine. The later compound in turn reacts with putrescine resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a spermidine and a S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine. S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine in turn reacts with a water molecule through a 5-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase resulting in the release of a adenine and a S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribose which in in turn is released into the environment.
References
Spermidine Biosynthesis and Metabolism References
Abraham KA: Studies on DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. 1. The mechanism of polyamine induced stimulation of enzyme activity. Eur J Biochem. 1968 Jun;5(1):143-6.
Pubmed: 4873311
Chattopadhyay MK, Tabor CW, Tabor H: Polyamines are not required for aerobic growth of Escherichia coli: preparation of a strain with deletions in all of the genes for polyamine biosynthesis. J Bacteriol. 2009 Sep;191(17):5549-52. doi: 10.1128/JB.00381-09. Epub 2009 Jun 19.
Pubmed: 19542271
Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology (EcoSal). Online edition.
Frydman L, Rossomando PC, Frydman V, Fernandez CO, Frydman B, Samejima K: Interactions between natural polyamines and tRNA: an 15N NMR analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 1;89(19):9186-90.
Pubmed: 1409623
Huang SC, Panagiotidis CA, Canellakis ES: Transcriptional effects of polyamines on ribosomal proteins and on polyamine-synthesizing enzymes in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 May;87(9):3464-8.
Pubmed: 2185470
Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K: Polyamine Modulon in Escherichia coli: genes involved in the stimulation of cell growth by polyamines. J Biochem. 2006 Jan;139(1):11-6. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvj020.
Pubmed: 16428314
Lu CD: Pathways and regulation of bacterial arginine metabolism and perspectives for obtaining arginine overproducing strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Apr;70(3):261-72. doi: 10.1007/s00253-005-0308-z. Epub 2006 Jan 24.
Pubmed: 16432742
Tabor CW, Tabor H: Polyamines in microorganisms. Microbiol Rev. 1985 Mar;49(1):81-99.
Pubmed: 3157043
Zhou X, Chua TK, Tkaczuk KL, Bujnicki JM, Sivaraman J: The crystal structure of Escherichia coli spermidine synthase SpeE reveals a unique substrate-binding pocket. J Struct Biol. 2010 Mar;169(3):277-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.12.024. Epub 2010 Jan 4.
Pubmed: 20051267
Albers E: Metabolic characteristics and importance of the universal methionine salvage pathway recycling methionine from 5'-methylthioadenosine. IUBMB Life. 2009 Dec;61(12):1132-42. doi: 10.1002/iub.278.
Pubmed: 19946895
Hughes JA: In vivo hydrolysis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in Escherichia coli increases export of 5-methylthioribose. Can J Microbiol. 2006 Jun;52(6):599-602. doi: 10.1139/w06-008.
Pubmed: 16788729
Schroeder HR, Barnes CJ, Bohinski RC, Mallette MF: Biological production of 5-methylthioribose. Can J Microbiol. 1973 Nov;19(11):1347-54.
Pubmed: 4203512
Sekowska A, Kung HF, Danchin A: Sulfur metabolism in Escherichia coli and related bacteria: facts and fiction. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000 Apr;2(2):145-77.
Pubmed: 10939241
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