Pathways

Bisoprolol (also known as Zebeta) is a selective beta blocker that can block beta1-adrenergic receptors and beta2-adrenergic receptors. Blocking of beta1-adrenergic receptors in heart and vascular smooth muscle can lead to reduced heart rate, cardiac output, and decreased blood pressure. Blocking of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors can lead to prevention of bronchospasm.

Bisoprolol is a cardioselective beta 1 blocker. It can be administered orally, where it passes through hepatic portal circulation, and enters the bloodstream and travels to act on cardiomyocytes. In bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, bisoprolol can compete with epinephrine for beta-2 adrenergic receptors. By competing with catecholamines for adrenergic receptors, it inhibits sympathetic stimulation of the heart. The reduction of neurotransmitters binding to beta receptor proteins in the heart inhibits adenylate cyclase type 1. Because adenylate cyclase type 1 typically activates cAMP synthesis, which in turn activates PKA production, which then activates SRC and nitric oxide synthase, its inhibition causes the inhibition of cAMP, PKA, SRC and nitric oxide synthase signaling. Following this chain of reactions, we see that the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase reduces nitric oxide production outside the cell which results in vasoconstriction. On a different end of this reaction chain, the inhibition of SRC in essence causes the activation of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9. This Caspase cascade leads to cell apoptosis. The net result of all these reactions is a decreased sympathetic effect on cardiac cells, causing the heart rate to slow and arterial blood pressure to lower; thus, bisoprolol administration and binding reduces resting heart rate, cardiac output, afterload, blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension. By prolonging diastolic time, it can prevent re-infarction. Clinically, it is used to increase atrioventricular block to treat supraventricular dysrhythmias. Bisoprolol also reduce sympathetic activity and is used to treat hypertension, angina, migraine headaches, and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.

Bisoprolol is a cardioselective beta 1 blocker. It can be administered orally, where it passes through hepatic portal circulation, and enters the bloodstream and travels to act on cardiomyocytes. In bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, bisoprolol can compete with epinephrine for beta adrenergic receptors. By competing with catecholamines for adrenergic receptors, it inhibits sympathetic stimulation of the heart. The reduction of neurotransmitters binding to beta receptor proteins in the heart inhibits adenylate cyclase type 1. Because adenylate cyclase type 1 typically activates cAMP synthesis, which in turn activates PKA production, which then activates SRC and nitric oxide synthase, its inhibition causes the inhibition of cAMP, PKA, SRC and nitric oxide synthase signaling. Following this chain of reactions, we see that the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase reduces nitric oxide production outside the cell which results in vasoconstriction. On a different end of this reaction chain, the inhibition of SRC in essence causes the activation of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9. This Caspase cascade leads to cell apoptosis. The net result of all these reactions is a decreased sympathetic effect on cardiac cells, causing the heart rate to slow and arterial blood pressure to lower; thus, bisoprolol administration and binding reduces resting heart rate, cardiac output, afterload, blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension. By prolonging diastolic time, it can prevent re-infarction. Clinically, it is used to increase atrioventricular block to treat supraventricular dysrhythmias. Bisoprolol also reduce sympathetic activity and is used to treat hypertension, angina, migraine headaches, and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Some side effects of using bisoprolol may include headaches, dizziness, weakness, and nausea.

Metabolites of Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether are predicted with biotransformer.

Bithionol is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Bithionol passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.