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Pathway Description
Darunavir Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Drug Action Pathway
Darunavir is a HIV protease inhibitor used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with other HIV protease inhibitor drugs in patients with history of prior antiretroviral therapies.
The HIV virus binds and penetrates the host cell. Viral RNA is transcribed into viral DNA via reverse transcriptase. Viral DNA enters the host nucleus and is integrated into the host DNA via integrase. The DNA is then transcribed, creating viral mRNA. Viral mRNA is translater into the gag-pol polyprotein. HIV protease is synthesized as part of the Gag-pol polyprotein, where Gag encodes for the capsid and matrix protein to form the outer protein shell, and Pol encodes for the reverse transcriptase and integrase protein to synthesize and incorporate its genome into host cells. HIV-1 protease cleaves the Gag-pol polyprotein into 66 molecular species, including HIV-1 protease, integrase, and reverse transcriptase. Darunavir inhibits HIV-1 protease. This inhibition prevents the HIV virion from fully maturing and becoming infective. Using the lipid bilayer of the host cell, a virus is formed and released. The inhibition of HIV-1 protease prevents the necessary molecular species from forming, therefore preventing maturation and activation of viral particles. This forms immature, non-infectious viral particles, therefore, Darunavir prevents the virus from reproducing.
References
Darunavir Pathway References
Konnyu B, Sadiq SK, Turanyi T, Hirmondo R, Muller B, Krausslich HG, Coveney PV, Muller V: Gag-Pol processing during HIV-1 virion maturation: a systems biology approach. PLoS Comput Biol. 2013;9(6):e1003103. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003103. Epub 2013 Jun 6.
Pubmed: 23754941
Zephyr J, Kurt Yilmaz N, Schiffer CA: Viral proteases: Structure, mechanism and inhibition. Enzymes. 2021;50:301-333. doi: 10.1016/bs.enz.2021.09.004. Epub 2021 Nov 17.
Pubmed: 34861941
Louten J. Virus Replication. Essential Human Virology. 2016:49–70. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00004-1. Epub 2016 May 6. PMCID: PMC7149683.
Back D, Sekar V, Hoetelmans RM: Darunavir: pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Antivir Ther. 2008;13(1):1-13.
Pubmed: 18389894
Tremblay CL: Combating HIV resistance - focus on darunavir. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Aug;4(4):759-66. doi: 10.2147/tcrm.s1709.
Pubmed: 19209258
Koh Y, Matsumi S, Das D, Amano M, Davis DA, Li J, Leschenko S, Baldridge A, Shioda T, Yarchoan R, Ghosh AK, Mitsuya H: Potent inhibition of HIV-1 replication by novel non-peptidyl small molecule inhibitors of protease dimerization. J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 28;282(39):28709-28720. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M703938200. Epub 2007 Jul 17.
Pubmed: 17635930
De Meyer S, Azijn H, Surleraux D, Jochmans D, Tahri A, Pauwels R, Wigerinck P, de Bethune MP: TMC114, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor active against protease inhibitor-resistant viruses, including a broad range of clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Jun;49(6):2314-21. doi: 10.1128/AAC.49.6.2314-2321.2005.
Pubmed: 15917527
Dierynck I, De Wit M, Gustin E, Keuleers I, Vandersmissen J, Hallenberger S, Hertogs K: Binding kinetics of darunavir to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease explain the potent antiviral activity and high genetic barrier. J Virol. 2007 Dec;81(24):13845-51. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01184-07. Epub 2007 Oct 10.
Pubmed: 17928344
Ghosh AK, Dawson ZL, Mitsuya H: Darunavir, a conceptually new HIV-1 protease inhibitor for the treatment of drug-resistant HIV. Bioorg Med Chem. 2007 Dec 15;15(24):7576-80. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.010. Epub 2007 Sep 14.
Pubmed: 17900913
Wang YF, Tie Y, Boross PI, Tozser J, Ghosh AK, Harrison RW, Weber IT: Potent new antiviral compound shows similar inhibition and structural interactions with drug resistant mutants and wild type HIV-1 protease. J Med Chem. 2007 Sep 6;50(18):4509-15. doi: 10.1021/jm070482q. Epub 2007 Aug 16.
Pubmed: 17696515
Tremblay CL: Combating HIV resistance - focus on darunavir. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Aug;4(4):759-66. doi: 10.2147/tcrm.s1709.
Pubmed: 19209258
Kovalevsky AY, Tie Y, Liu F, Boross PI, Wang YF, Leshchenko S, Ghosh AK, Harrison RW, Weber IT: Effectiveness of nonpeptide clinical inhibitor TMC-114 on HIV-1 protease with highly drug resistant mutations D30N, I50V, and L90M. J Med Chem. 2006 Feb 23;49(4):1379-87. doi: 10.1021/jm050943c.
Pubmed: 16480273
De Meyer S, Azijn H, Surleraux D, Jochmans D, Tahri A, Pauwels R, Wigerinck P, de Bethune MP: TMC114, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor active against protease inhibitor-resistant viruses, including a broad range of clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Jun;49(6):2314-21. doi: 10.1128/AAC.49.6.2314-2321.2005.
Pubmed: 15917527
Hoetelmans RM, Meenhorst PL, Mulder JW, Burger DM, Koks CH, Beijnen JH: Clinical pharmacology of HIV protease inhibitors: focus on saquinavir, indinavir, and ritonavir. Pharm World Sci. 1997 Aug;19(4):159-75. doi: 10.1023/a:1008629608556.
Pubmed: 9297727
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