Pathways

Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug normally used to prevent blood clot formation as well as migration. Indicated for: prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism and related pulmonary embolism, prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolism associated with atrial fibrillation, prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolism associated with cardiac valve replacement, use as adjunct therapy to reduce mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, and thromboembolic events post myocardial infarction. Off-label uses include secondary prevention of stroke and transient ischemic attacks in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease but without atrial fibrillation. Warfarin does not actually affect blood viscosity, rather, it inhibits vitamin-k dependent synthesis of biologically active forms of various clotting factors in addition to several regulatory factors. Warfarin is a [vitamin K] antagonist which acts to inhibit the production of vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase. By doing this the carboxylation of vitamin-k dependent factors such as II, VII, IX and X are prevented. As the concentration of reduced form of vitamin K decreases this leads to a depletion of the cofactor for future reactions that are vitamin k dependent. This ultimately leads to interference with coagulation, because of this patient should not give blood during the time they are using Warfarin. Warfarin has several properties that should be noted when used medicinally, including its ability to cross the placental barrier during pregnancy which can result in fetal bleeding, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, stillbirth, and neonatal death. Additional adverse effects such as necrosis, purple toe syndrome, osteoporosis, valve and artery calcification, and drug interactions have also been documented with warfarin use.

Wilson disaease

WNT MTOR

The Wnt signaling pathway is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates crucial aspects of cell fate determination, cell migration, cell polarity, neural patterning and organogenesis during embryonic development. The role of Wnt signaling in carcinogenesis has most prominently been described for colorectal cancer, but aberrant Wnt signaling is observed in many more cancer entities.The Wnts are secreted glycoproteins and comprise a large family of nineteen proteins in humans hinting to a daunting complexity of signaling regulation, function and biological output. To date major signaling branches downstream of the Fz receptor have been identified including a canonical or Wnt/β-catenin dependent pathway and the non-canonical or β-catenin-independent pathway which can be further divided into the Planar Cell Polarity and the Wnt/Ca2+ pathways, and these branches are being actively dissected at the molecular and biochemical levels.