Pathways

Metabolites of Camphor are predicted with biotransformer.

Camellia nitidissima is common traditional ethnic medicine in Guangxi, which takes effect by clearing away heat and toxic materials and diuretic detumescence.

Camellia nitidissima is common traditional ethnic medicine in Guangxi, which takes effect by clearing away heat and toxic materials and diuretic detumescence.

Camellia nitidissima is common traditional ethnic medicine in Guangxi, which takes effect by clearing away heat and toxic materials and diuretic detumescence.

Camalexin is a compound produced by Arabadopsis thaliana, used in plant defense. Its accumulation is induced by contact with parasites, and it inhibits the growth of those parasites. Synthesis of camalexin starts with L-tryptophan, which reacts using tryptophan N-monooxygenases 1 and 2 to form N-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. This then reacts using the same enzyme to form N,N-dihydroxy-L-tryptophan, which spontaneously forms (E)-indol-3-ylacetaldoxime. (E)-indol-3-ylacetaldoxime reversibly reacts with a indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase enzyme to form (Z)-indol-3-ylacetaldoxime, its isomer. The isomer then loses a water molecule via indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase again, forming 3-indoleacetonitrile. Another reaction with indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase forms 2-hydroxy-2-(1H-indol-3-yl0acetonitrile, which then reacts one final time with the indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase enzyme to lose a water molecule and form dehydro(indole-3-yl)acetonitrile. At this point, a glutatione molecule is added using glutatione S-transferase F6 to form (glutation-S-yl)(1H-indol-3-yl)acetonitrile. A water molecule is added by gamma-glutamyl peptidases 1 and 3, as well as glutathione hydrolase 3, forming L-glutamic acid as a side product, as well as (L-cysteinylglycin-S-yl)(1H-indol-3-yl)acetonitrile. An unknown enzyme then catalyzes a reaction that adds a water molecule and removes a glycine, forming 2-(cystein-S-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-acetonitrile. Then, in a reaction using bifunctional dihydrocamalexate synthase/camalexin synthase, an oxygen molecule is added, a hydrogen ion, hydrogen cyanide molecule and water molecule are removed, and (R)-dihydrocamalexate is formed. Finally, the same enzyme catalyzes the formation of camalexin, the final product of this pathway.

The Calvin cycle is the primary carbon dioxide fixation pathway found in all green plants, including Solanum lycopersicum. This important cycle of chemical reactions can be divided into three stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. In the fixation stage, D-ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is reduced into two molecules of 3-phospho-D-glycerate by the enzyme RubisCO (ribulose biphosphate carboxylase). In the reduction stage the two molecules of 3-phospho-D-glycerate are phosphorylated and then reductively dephosphorylated to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Three iterations of this cycle result in 3 molecules of carbon dioxide fixed, thus forming 6 molecules of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The final stage (regeneration) is a highly complex series of rearrangement reactions that result in the regeneration of RuBP, the key carbon dioxide acceptor.

Photosynthesis involves the transfer and harvesting of energy from sunlight and the fixation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. This process occurs in higher plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. Oxygenic photosynthesis requires water, which acts as an electron donor molecule. The reactions which involve the trapping of sunlight are known as "light reactions", and result in the production of NADPH, adenosine triphosphate, and molecular oxygen. The "dark reactions" are known as the Calvin cycle, and involve the use of the products of the light reactions to fix carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates. The light-independent Calvin-Benson cycle consist of nine reactions that take place in the chloroplast stroma. Beginning with the enzyme RuBisCO, D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate is converted into 3-phosphoglyceric acid. It requires magnesium ion as a cofactor. Next, chloroplastic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate into D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Then triose-phosphate isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Next, the enzyme fructose-bisphosphate aldolase catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Then fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase catalyzes the conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into fructose-6-phosphate. It requires magnesium ion as a cofactor. Next, transketolase catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate into xylulose 5-phosphate. It requires a divalent metal cation and thiamine diphosphate as cofactors. Then the enzyme ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase is catalyzes the interconverson of xylulose 5-phosphate and D-ribulose 5-phosphate. Lastly, phosphoribulokinase catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to regenerate D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. An alternative pathway intersects the Calvin-Benson cycle providing another route to synthesize D-ribulose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate, which both feed back into the main cycle, from dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This subpathway begins with the predicted enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate aldolase theorized to catalyze the converson of glycerone phosphate and D-erythrose 4-phosphate into sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate. Next, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase catalyzes the conversion of sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate into D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. Next, transketolase catalyzes the converson of D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate into D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate (which feeds back into the main cycle). Lastly, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is the probable enzyme that catalyzes the interconverson of D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-ribulose 5-phosphate. D-ribulose 5-phosphate feeds back into the main cycle.