Pathways

Betrixaban is an anticoagulant that targets and inhibits factor Xa in order to prevent venous thromboembolism. Due to its interaction with factor Xa, the coagulant factor is no longer free and unable to form the prothrombinase complex. Betrixaban is administered orally and rapidly absorbed, if taken with the consumption of food its bioavailability will be reduced greatly. It has minimal hepatic metabolism due to this does not run the risk of accumulation if the liver is impaired. It is mainly eliminated via the gastrointestinal system, feces and urine. Some possible adverse effects are bleeding, hypersensitivity and minimal hepatotoxicity. The anticoagulant does interact with food, this means herbs and supplements with anticoagulant and antiplatelet activity should be avoided such as garlic, ginger, bilberry, dansen, piracetam and ginkgo biloba. Betrixaban should be taken with food despite the bioavailability being decreased and this should also be taken at the same time every day.

Bethanidine is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Bethanidine passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.

Bethanechol is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Bethanechol passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.

Bethanechol is a muscarinic agonist used to treat postoperative and postpartum nonobstructive functional urinary retention and neurogenic atony of the bladder with retention. It can be found under the brand name Duvoid. Bethanechol is a synthetic ester that was initially synthesized in 1935. As a cholinergic agent, bethanechol is similar in structure and pharmacological function to acetylcholine and is used in specific cases when stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system is necessary. For example, bethanechol is readily used to treat postoperative or postpartum urinary retention. An advantage of bethanechol is that in contrast to acetylcholine, bethanechol is not degraded by cholinesterase allowing its effects to be longer-lasting. When taken orally or administered by injection, Bethanechol binds to and activates these muscarinic receptors. By doing so, it mimics the effects of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that naturally activates these receptors. The activation of M2 and M3 receptors leads to several physiological responses, including increased smooth muscle tone and contraction. Bethanechol is commonly used to stimulate bladder contractions in individuals with urinary retention or certain bladder disorders. By activating the M3 receptors in the bladder, it increases the tone of the detrusor muscle and causes the bladder to contract, thereby promoting urination. In addition to its effects on the urinary system, Bethanechol can also affect smooth muscles in other organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract. It can increase the muscular contractions of the gastrointestinal tract, which may be beneficial in certain conditions involving reduced motility, such as postoperative ileus or constipation. Possible side effects of using bethanechol may include belching, blurred vision, dizziness, and headache.

Betazole, also known as ametazole and Histalog, is a histamine H2 agonist that causes an increase in gastric acid secretion. Clinically, it may be used in place of histamine to reduce off-target effects when stimulating gastric secretion. Betazole is commonly used to evaluate acid production (as a diagnostic or lab test). It binds to the H2 receptor to enhance the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling cascade leading to increased acid secretion into the gastric lumen. Gastric acid digests protein and absorbs calcium, iron and vitamin B12. Gastric acidity may also interfere with medication bioavailability. Measuring gastric acid secretion is useful to manage diseases involving acid production such as gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Betazole, also known as ametazole and Histalog, is a histamine H2 agonist that causes an increase in gastric acid secretion. Betazole is commonly used to evaluate acid production. Betazole binds to the H2 receptor to enhance the G protein signaling cascade to increase gastric secretion into the lumen. Gastric acid digests protein and absorbs calcium, iron and vitamin B12. Gastric acidity may also interfere with medication bioavailability. Measuring gastric acid secretion is useful to manage diseases involving acid production such as gastroesophageal reflux disease.