Pathways

Ximelagatran is an anti-coagulant thrombin inhibitor that binds reversibly to the catalytic site and anion-binding exosite inhibiting the cleavage of fibrinogen into fibrin. Ximelagatran is used to treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia as well as to prevent thrombosis. It is used in patients that are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or who have a risk in acute coronary syndromes caused by unstable angina or non-ST segment elevation. Thrombin is an important proteinase as it cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin monomers which help form the thrombus that forms the clot at the site of vascular injury. Because ximelagatran inhibits thrombin, clotting cannot form which is ideal for heart surgeries and some heart conditions. Ximelagatran should be monitored as it inhibits clotting so other injuries won't clot and it also can cause blood stagnation. Monitoring changes in hematocrit and blood pressure is extremely important when taking this drug. It is normally administered intravenously so that it is delivered to the site of action right away and can be controlled more easily. Ximelagatran is an anticoagulant drug used to prevent and treat blood clots, and was the first drug in the anticoagulant drug class to be able to be ingested orally. It was discontinued from distribution by its parent company AstraZeneca in 2006 as it was found to raise liver enzyme levels in patients and cause liver damage as a result.

Metabolites of Ximelagatran are predicted with biotransformer.

xx

Xylene is a common aromatic hydrocarbon used in the medical industry as a solvent. This pathway describes a part of how xylene is degraded in certain bacterial species. Xylene exists in different percentages in a laboratory-grade level and is of a few common kinds: m-xylene (40–65%), p-xylene (20%), o-xylene (20%) and ethylbenzene (6-20%) and traces of toluene, trimethyl benzene, phenol, thiophene, pyridine, and hydrogen sulfide. In the bigger picture of this pathway, m-xylene, p-xylene, o-xylene as well as toluene are considered, where part of the degradation processes for each of these xylene types have been illustrated. All degradation reactions here are taking place in the cytoplasm. One part of this pathway starts with 4-methylbenzoic acid / p-methylbenzoate which is a product downstream of the p-xylene degradation and forms other intermediates: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate, 4-methylcatechol, 3-methyl-cis,cis-muconate, 4-methylmuconolactone and 3-methylmuconolactone aided by the proteins and protein complexes: toluate-1,2-deoxygenase alpha and beta subunit, cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,4-diene carboxylate dehydrogenase, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, and muconate cycloisomerase I. It must be noted that the intermediate 3-methyl-cis,cis-muconate gives rise to two products in this pathway via two different reactions using the same protein muconate cycloisomerase I. The other section of this pathway demonstrates the degradation of o-methylbenzoate and m-methylbenzoate. o-Methylbenzoae degrades down to the intermediate 1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate and m-methylbenzoate degrades down to the intermediate 1,2-dihydroxy-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate. They both then degrade to the same product/intermediate 3-methylcatechol. These reactions are both catalyzed by the proteins probable ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase subunit and cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,4-diene carboxylate dehydrogenase respectively.

The degradation of xylose begins with NADP dependent trifunctional aldehyde reductase/xylose reductase/glucose 1-dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a NADPH, hydrogen ion and Xylitol. Xylitol reacts with a NAD D-xylulose reductase resulting in the release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and D-xylulose. Xylulose reacts with ATP through a xylulose kinase resulting in a release of ADP, hydrogen ion and xylulose 5-phosphate. The latter compound, xylulose 5-phosphate through a Ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase resulting in the release of D-ribulose 5-phosphate. D-ribulose 5-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate react with a transketolase resulting in the release of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. These two compounds react through a transaldolase resulting in the release of a D-erythrose 4-phosphate and Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate. D-erythrose 4-phosphate reacts with a xylulose 5-phosphate through a transketolase resulting in the release of Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Metabolites of Xylometazoline are predicted with biotransformer.

Escherichia coli can utilize D-xylose as the sole source of carbon and energy for the cell. A low-affinity proton motive force or a high-affinity ATP-driven (ABC) transport system brings unphosphorylated D-xylose into the cell. Following entry, D-xylose is converted to D-xylulose by an isomerase and then converted to the pentose phosphate pathway intermediate, D-xylulose 5-phosphate via a kinase. D-xylulose 5-phosphate can then enter pathways of metabolism to meet the cells needs.