PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW145873 View Pathway	drug action Mirabegron Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 16:52 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 16:52
PW122141 View Pathway	protein miRNA Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Guest: Anonymous Created On: September 12, 2018 at 10:52 Last Updated: September 12, 2018 at 10:52
PW144496 View Pathway	drug action Mirtazapine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 13:45 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 13:45
PW147080 View Pathway	drug action Mirtazapine H1 Antihistamine Neurological Sleep Action Pathway Homo sapiens Mirtazapine is an ethanolamine class H1 antihistamine used to treat insomnia and allergy symptoms such as hay fever and hives. It is also used with pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Wakefulness is regulated by histamine in the tuberomammillary nucleus, a part of the hypothalamus. Histidine is decarboxylated into histamine in the neuron. Histamine is transported into synaptic vesicles by a monoamine transporter then released into the synapse. Normally histamine would activate the H1 histamine receptor on the post-synaptic neuron in the tuberomammillary nucleus. Mirtazapine inhibits the H1 histamine receptor, preventing the depolarization of the post-synaptic neuron. This prevents the wakefulness signal from being sent to the major areas of the brain, causing sleepiness. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 10, 2023 at 14:36 Last Updated: October 10, 2023 at 14:36
PW176571 View Pathway	drug action Mirtazapine H1 Antihistamine Smooth Muscle Relaxation Action Pathway Homo sapiens Mirtazapine is an ethanolamine class H1 antihistamine used to treat insomnia and allergy symptoms such as hay fever and hives. It is also used with pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. Allergies causes blood vessel dilation which causes swelling (edema) and fluid leakage. Mirtazapine also inhibits the H1 histamine receptor on bronchiole smooth muscle myocytes. This normally activates the Gq signalling cascade which activates phospholipase C which catalyzes the production of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). Because of the inhibition, IP3 doesn't activate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and DAG doesn't activate the release of calcium into the cytosol of the endothelial cell. This causes a low concentration of calcium in the cytosol, and it, therefore, cannot bind to calmodulin.Calcium bound calmodulin is required for the activation of myosin light chain kinase. This prevents the phosphorylation of myosin light chain 3, causing an accumulation of myosin light chain 3. This causes muscle relaxation, opening up the bronchioles in the lungs, making breathing easier. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: December 19, 2023 at 12:44 Last Updated: December 19, 2023 at 12:44
PW063842 View Pathway	drug action Mirtazapine H1-Antihistamine Action Homo sapiens Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Carin Li Created On: September 24, 2017 at 21:44 Last Updated: September 24, 2017 at 21:44
PW176666 View Pathway	drug action Mirtazapine H1-Antihistamine Blood Vessel Constriction Action Pathway Homo sapiens Mirtazapine is a first-generation ethanolamine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. Allergies causes blood vessel dilation which causes swelling (edema) and fluid leakage. Mirtazapine inhibits the H1 histamine receptor on blood vessel endothelial cells. This normally activates the Gq signalling cascade which activates phospholipase C which catalyzes the production of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). Because of the inhibition, IP3 doesn't activate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and DAG doesn't activate the release of calcium into the cytosol of the endothelial cell. This causes a low concentration of calcium in the cytosol, and it, therefore, cannot bind to calmodulin. Calcium bound calmodulin is required for the activation of the calmodulin-binding domain of nitric oxide synthase. The inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis prevents the activation of myosin light chain phosphatase. This causes an accumulation of myosin light chain-phosphate which causes the muscle to contract and the blood vessel to constrict, decreasing the swelling and fluid leakage from the blood vessels caused by allergens. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: December 19, 2023 at 13:41 Last Updated: December 19, 2023 at 13:41
PW176759 View Pathway	drug action Mirtazapine H1-Antihistamine Immune Response Action Pathway Homo sapiens Mirtazapine is a first-generation ethanolamine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Carin Li Created On: December 19, 2023 at 14:58 Last Updated: December 19, 2023 at 14:58
PW176272 View Pathway	metabolic Mirtazapine Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of Mirtazapine are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 04, 2023 at 14:28 Last Updated: December 04, 2023 at 14:28
PW128422 View Pathway	drug action Mirtazapine Serotonin Antagonist Action Pathway Homo sapiens The mechanism of action of mirtazapine, atypical antidepressant is not fully understood, but may be explained by its effects on central adrenergic and serotonergic activity. This drug exhibits a fast onset of action, a high level of response, a manageable side-effect profile, and dual noradrenergic and serotonergic effects that are unique from the effects of other antidepressants. It has been shown that both noradrenergic and serotonergic activity increase following mirtazapine administration. The results of these studies demonstrate mirtazapine exerts antagonist activity at presynaptic α2-adrenergic inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors in the central nervous system. This is thought to lead to enhanced noradrenergic and serotonergic activity Label, which are known to improve the symptoms of depression and form the basis of antidepressant therapy. Mirtazapine is a strong antagonist of serotonin 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors. It has not been found to bind significantly to the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors but indirectly increases 5-HT1A transmission. In addition to the above effects, mirtazapine is a peripheral α1-adrenergic antagonist. This action may explain episodes of orthostatic hypotension that have been reported after mirtazapine use. Mirtazapine is a potent histamine (H1) receptor antagonist, which may contribute to its powerful sedating effects. The pain-relieving effects of mirtazapine may be explained by its effects on opioid receptors. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: August 28, 2023 at 13:33 Last Updated: August 28, 2023 at 13:33