PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW146592 View Pathway	drug action Levomenol Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 18:35 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 18:35
PW000654 View Pathway	drug action Levomethadyl Acetate Action Action Pathway Homo sapiens Levomethadyl acetate (also known as LAAM) is a synthetic synthetic opioid analgesic with multiple actions quantitatively similar to those as morphine, the most prominent of which involve the central nervous system and organs composed of smooth muscle. However, levomethadyl acetate is more active and more toxic than morphine. Levomethadyl acetate can bind to mu-type opioid receptor to activate associated G-protein in the sensory neurons of central nervous system (CNS), which will reduce the level of intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. The binding of levomethadyl acetate will eventually lead to reduced pain because of decreased nerve conduction and release of neurotransmitter. Therefore, methadyl acetate can reduce nerve conduction and decrease neurotransmitter release; so that perception of pain signals can be blocked. Levomethadyl acetate can also open calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels (OP1 receptor agonist) to reduce neuronal excitability as well as lead to hyperpolarization. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: WishartLab Created On: April 21, 2014 at 06:17 Last Updated: April 21, 2014 at 06:17
PW147017 View Pathway	metabolic Levomethadyl Acetate Drug Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 10, 2023 at 13:39 Last Updated: October 10, 2023 at 13:39
PW000614 View Pathway	drug metabolism Levomethadyl Acetate Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Levomethadyl Acetate (also known as levacetylmethadol or levo-α-acetylmethadol) (LAAM), is a synthetic opioid structurally similar to methadone. It is an opioid agonist that has been used as an analgesic and to treat opioid dependence. Levomethadyl Acetate is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 in two N-demethylation reactions to nor-levomethadyl acetate (nor-LAAM) and subsequently to dinor-levomethadyl acetate (dinor-LAAM). BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: WishartLab Created On: September 11, 2013 at 22:33 Last Updated: September 11, 2013 at 22:33
PW132496 View Pathway	metabolic Levomilnacipran Drug Metabolism Homo sapiens Levomilnacipran is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Levomilnacipran passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: September 21, 2023 at 22:06 Last Updated: September 21, 2023 at 22:06
PW145891 View Pathway	drug action Levomilnacipran Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 16:54 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 16:54
PW128028 View Pathway	drug action Levomilnacipran SNRI - Norepinephrine reuptake Inhibition Action Pathway Homo sapiens Levomilnacipran (the more active 1S, 2R - enantiomer of milnacipran) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). It is used in the management of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, chronic musculoskeletal pain and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It is generally believed that 5HT and NE participate in the modulation of endogenous analgesic mechanisms by way of the descending inhibitory pain pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Although the specific mechanism of action remains unclear, some studies have proposed that low levels of 5HT may be associated with increased sensitivity to pain - a condition that could subsequently be improved by milnacipran's capacity to enhance the presence of 5HT by inhibiting its reuptake via serotonin transporters at synaptic clefts. Furthermore, in the CNS it is also generally believed that NE released from descending pathways can mitigate pain sensations via eliciting inhibitory effects on alpha-2A-adrenoceptors on central terminals of primary afferent nociceptors, by direct alpha-2-adrenergic action on pain-relay neurons, and by alpha-1-adrenoceptor-mediated activation of inhibitory interneurons. Such NE pain mitigation is consequently also enhanced by milnacipran's ability to enhance the presence of NE by inhibiting its reuptake via norepinephrine transporters at synaptic clefts BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: July 04, 2023 at 15:43 Last Updated: July 04, 2023 at 15:43
PW127981 View Pathway	drug action Levomilnacipran SNRI - Serotonin Reuptake Inhibition Action Pathway Homo sapiens Levomilnacipran (the more active 1S, 2R - enantiomer of milnacipran) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). It is used in the management of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, chronic musculoskeletal pain and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It is generally believed that 5HT and NE participate in the modulation of endogenous analgesic mechanisms by way of the descending inhibitory pain pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Although the specific mechanism of action remains unclear, some studies have proposed that low levels of 5HT may be associated with increased sensitivity to pain - a condition that could subsequently be improved by milnacipran's capacity to enhance the presence of 5HT by inhibiting its reuptake via serotonin transporters at synaptic clefts. Furthermore, in the CNS it is also generally believed that NE released from descending pathways can mitigate pain sensations via eliciting inhibitory effects on alpha-2A-adrenoceptors on central terminals of primary afferent nociceptors, by direct alpha-2-adrenergic action on pain-relay neurons, and by alpha-1-adrenoceptor-mediated activation of inhibitory interneurons. Such NE pain mitigation is consequently also enhanced by milnacipran's ability to enhance the presence of NE by inhibiting its reuptake via norepinephrine transporters at synaptic clefts BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: June 26, 2023 at 14:16 Last Updated: June 26, 2023 at 14:16
PW145748 View Pathway	drug action Levonordefrin Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 16:33 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 16:33
PW126879 View Pathway	drug action Levonorgestrel Action Pathway Homo sapiens Levonorgestrel (LNG) is a progestin (synthetic progestogen) found in contraceptives (birth control) that are taken orally, in subdermal implants or in intrauterine devices (IUD). Oral contraceptives and IUDs have a low dose, while emergency contraceptives (Plan B) are administered at high doses. This drug's contraceptive function delays or inhibits ovulation and thickens cervical mucus to prevent pregnancy before fertilization and implantation. This drug can also be used for hormone therapy in menopausal women. Levonorgestrel acts on the hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) where it binds to the progesterone and the androgen receptors. This binding inhibits the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. GnRH secretion is required to activate a luteinizing hormone (LH) surge that leads to ovulation. By its inhibition, the absence of LH results in no release of a viable egg from the ovaries. The thickening of the mucus interferes with sperm migration into the uterus for fertilization. An overdose of levonorgestrel may cause nausea and withdrawal bleeding. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ashley Zubkowski Created On: April 27, 2022 at 10:11 Last Updated: April 27, 2022 at 10:11