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PW124102

Pw124102 View Pathway
signaling

2-AG on CB1

Homo sapiens
2-Arachidoylglycerol acts as a full agonist of both CB1 and CB2 receptors. Here, its numerous effects on CB1 receptors are presented, including a route of its biosynthesis. Within the postsynaptic neuron, PIP2 is hydrolyzed to form a diacylglycerol molecule, which is then further hydrolyzed with the membranous enzyme DAGLa to form 2-AG. The completed 2-AG molecule is then released from the postsynaptic membrane and acts retroactively on CB1 receptors located on the presynaptic membrane. Acting as a G-protein coupled receptor, CB1 directly activates mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nitric oxide synthase. The activation of MAPK induces its own signalling pathway, which regulates mitosis and the cellular cycle through translation and transcription. Nitric oxide synthase is activated to produce nitric oxide, which has a number of roles in neurons, most notable of which is promoting neuroplasticity through its effect on potassium channels. Nitric oxide also activates soluble guanylyl cyclase, which mediates calcium channels through its production of cGMP. Apart from its activating action, the activated CB1 receptor also inhibits both calcium channels and forskolin activated adenylate cyclase. The inhibition of calcium channels works directly to block the flow of calcium ions into the presynaptic neuron, while the inhibition of adenylate cyclase decreases levels of cAMP within the neuron, leading to activation of potassium channels and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is involved in intracellular signalling that promotes cell migration and adhesion, while potassium channels work to pump potassium ions out of the presynaptic neuron and into the synaptic cleft.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Alyssah

Created On: August 21, 2020 at 16:43

Last Updated: August 21, 2020 at 16:43

PW371411

Pw371411 View Pathway
metabolic

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate Biosynthesis

Escherichia coli APEC O1
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate, also known as 2-pyrochatechuic acid or hypogallic acid, is a phenol compound found in bacteria that can be a component of siderophores. These are compounds that strongly bind iron molecules and allow them to be taken up and used by the bacteria in cases of iron scarcity. An example of a siderophore in E. coli is enterobactin, which can be produced from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway. In this pathway, chorismate, which is the product of the chorismate biosynthesis pathway, is converted to isochorismate in a reaction catalyzed by isochorismate synthase. Following this, a water molecule is added to isochorismate by isochorismatase, which then removes a pyruvic acid molecule as a byproduct, and forms (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. Finally, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate into 2-pyrocatechuric acid (2,3-dihydroxybenzoate), using NAD as a cofactor. 2-Pyrocatechuric acid can then be used as a part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, or it can be converted to 2-carboxymuconate by blue copper oxidase cueO.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Julia Wakoli

Created On: November 25, 2024 at 09:06

Last Updated: November 25, 2024 at 09:06

PW371416

Pw371416 View Pathway
metabolic

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate Biosynthesis

Escherichia coli O127:H6 str. E2348/69
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate, also known as 2-pyrochatechuic acid or hypogallic acid, is a phenol compound found in bacteria that can be a component of siderophores. These are compounds that strongly bind iron molecules and allow them to be taken up and used by the bacteria in cases of iron scarcity. An example of a siderophore in E. coli is enterobactin, which can be produced from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway. In this pathway, chorismate, which is the product of the chorismate biosynthesis pathway, is converted to isochorismate in a reaction catalyzed by isochorismate synthase. Following this, a water molecule is added to isochorismate by isochorismatase, which then removes a pyruvic acid molecule as a byproduct, and forms (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. Finally, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate into 2-pyrocatechuric acid (2,3-dihydroxybenzoate), using NAD as a cofactor. 2-Pyrocatechuric acid can then be used as a part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, or it can be converted to 2-carboxymuconate by blue copper oxidase cueO.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Julia Wakoli

Created On: November 25, 2024 at 09:08

Last Updated: November 25, 2024 at 09:08

PW371423

Pw371423 View Pathway
metabolic

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate Biosynthesis

Escherichia coli IAI39
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate, also known as 2-pyrochatechuic acid or hypogallic acid, is a phenol compound found in bacteria that can be a component of siderophores. These are compounds that strongly bind iron molecules and allow them to be taken up and used by the bacteria in cases of iron scarcity. An example of a siderophore in E. coli is enterobactin, which can be produced from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway. In this pathway, chorismate, which is the product of the chorismate biosynthesis pathway, is converted to isochorismate in a reaction catalyzed by isochorismate synthase. Following this, a water molecule is added to isochorismate by isochorismatase, which then removes a pyruvic acid molecule as a byproduct, and forms (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. Finally, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate into 2-pyrocatechuric acid (2,3-dihydroxybenzoate), using NAD as a cofactor. 2-Pyrocatechuric acid can then be used as a part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, or it can be converted to 2-carboxymuconate by blue copper oxidase cueO.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Julia Wakoli

Created On: November 25, 2024 at 09:11

Last Updated: November 25, 2024 at 09:11

PW370843

Pw370843 View Pathway
metabolic

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate Biosynthesis

Dialister succinatiphilus YIT 11850
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate, also known as 2-pyrochatechuic acid or hypogallic acid, is a phenol compound found in bacteria that can be a component of siderophores. These are compounds that strongly bind iron molecules and allow them to be taken up and used by the bacteria in cases of iron scarcity. An example of a siderophore in E. coli is enterobactin, which can be produced from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway. In this pathway, chorismate, which is the product of the chorismate biosynthesis pathway, is converted to isochorismate in a reaction catalyzed by isochorismate synthase. Following this, a water molecule is added to isochorismate by isochorismatase, which then removes a pyruvic acid molecule as a byproduct, and forms (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. Finally, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate into 2-pyrocatechuric acid (2,3-dihydroxybenzoate), using NAD as a cofactor. 2-Pyrocatechuric acid can then be used as a part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, or it can be converted to 2-carboxymuconate by blue copper oxidase cueO.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Julia Wakoli

Created On: November 24, 2024 at 07:58

Last Updated: November 24, 2024 at 07:58

PW370797

Pw370797 View Pathway
metabolic

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate Biosynthesis

Vibrio fluvialis PG41
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate, also known as 2-pyrochatechuic acid or hypogallic acid, is a phenol compound found in bacteria that can be a component of siderophores. These are compounds that strongly bind iron molecules and allow them to be taken up and used by the bacteria in cases of iron scarcity. An example of a siderophore in E. coli is enterobactin, which can be produced from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway. In this pathway, chorismate, which is the product of the chorismate biosynthesis pathway, is converted to isochorismate in a reaction catalyzed by isochorismate synthase. Following this, a water molecule is added to isochorismate by isochorismatase, which then removes a pyruvic acid molecule as a byproduct, and forms (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. Finally, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate into 2-pyrocatechuric acid (2,3-dihydroxybenzoate), using NAD as a cofactor. 2-Pyrocatechuric acid can then be used as a part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, or it can be converted to 2-carboxymuconate by blue copper oxidase cueO.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Julia Wakoli

Created On: November 24, 2024 at 07:07

Last Updated: November 24, 2024 at 07:07

PW370805

Pw370805 View Pathway
metabolic

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate Biosynthesis

Acetomicrobium hydrogeniformans
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate, also known as 2-pyrochatechuic acid or hypogallic acid, is a phenol compound found in bacteria that can be a component of siderophores. These are compounds that strongly bind iron molecules and allow them to be taken up and used by the bacteria in cases of iron scarcity. An example of a siderophore in E. coli is enterobactin, which can be produced from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway. In this pathway, chorismate, which is the product of the chorismate biosynthesis pathway, is converted to isochorismate in a reaction catalyzed by isochorismate synthase. Following this, a water molecule is added to isochorismate by isochorismatase, which then removes a pyruvic acid molecule as a byproduct, and forms (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. Finally, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate into 2-pyrocatechuric acid (2,3-dihydroxybenzoate), using NAD as a cofactor. 2-Pyrocatechuric acid can then be used as a part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, or it can be converted to 2-carboxymuconate by blue copper oxidase cueO.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Julia Wakoli

Created On: November 24, 2024 at 07:16

Last Updated: November 24, 2024 at 07:16

PW370824

Pw370824 View Pathway
metabolic

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate Biosynthesis

Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus ATCC 29799
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate, also known as 2-pyrochatechuic acid or hypogallic acid, is a phenol compound found in bacteria that can be a component of siderophores. These are compounds that strongly bind iron molecules and allow them to be taken up and used by the bacteria in cases of iron scarcity. An example of a siderophore in E. coli is enterobactin, which can be produced from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway. In this pathway, chorismate, which is the product of the chorismate biosynthesis pathway, is converted to isochorismate in a reaction catalyzed by isochorismate synthase. Following this, a water molecule is added to isochorismate by isochorismatase, which then removes a pyruvic acid molecule as a byproduct, and forms (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. Finally, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate into 2-pyrocatechuric acid (2,3-dihydroxybenzoate), using NAD as a cofactor. 2-Pyrocatechuric acid can then be used as a part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, or it can be converted to 2-carboxymuconate by blue copper oxidase cueO.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Julia Wakoli

Created On: November 24, 2024 at 07:35

Last Updated: November 24, 2024 at 07:35

PW370792

Pw370792 View Pathway
metabolic

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate Biosynthesis

Grimontia hollisae CIP 101886
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate, also known as 2-pyrochatechuic acid or hypogallic acid, is a phenol compound found in bacteria that can be a component of siderophores. These are compounds that strongly bind iron molecules and allow them to be taken up and used by the bacteria in cases of iron scarcity. An example of a siderophore in E. coli is enterobactin, which can be produced from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway. In this pathway, chorismate, which is the product of the chorismate biosynthesis pathway, is converted to isochorismate in a reaction catalyzed by isochorismate synthase. Following this, a water molecule is added to isochorismate by isochorismatase, which then removes a pyruvic acid molecule as a byproduct, and forms (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. Finally, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate into 2-pyrocatechuric acid (2,3-dihydroxybenzoate), using NAD as a cofactor. 2-Pyrocatechuric acid can then be used as a part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, or it can be converted to 2-carboxymuconate by blue copper oxidase cueO.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Julia Wakoli

Created On: November 24, 2024 at 07:02

Last Updated: November 24, 2024 at 07:02

PW369853

Pw369853 View Pathway
metabolic

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate Biosynthesis

Bacteroides clarus YIT 12056
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate, also known as 2-pyrochatechuic acid or hypogallic acid, is a phenol compound found in bacteria that can be a component of siderophores. These are compounds that strongly bind iron molecules and allow them to be taken up and used by the bacteria in cases of iron scarcity. An example of a siderophore in E. coli is enterobactin, which can be produced from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway. In this pathway, chorismate, which is the product of the chorismate biosynthesis pathway, is converted to isochorismate in a reaction catalyzed by isochorismate synthase. Following this, a water molecule is added to isochorismate by isochorismatase, which then removes a pyruvic acid molecule as a byproduct, and forms (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. Finally, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2S, 3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate into 2-pyrocatechuric acid (2,3-dihydroxybenzoate), using NAD as a cofactor. 2-Pyrocatechuric acid can then be used as a part of the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, or it can be converted to 2-carboxymuconate by blue copper oxidase cueO.
BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)

Creator: Julia Wakoli

Created On: November 23, 2024 at 18:05

Last Updated: November 23, 2024 at 18:05