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Pathways

PathWhiz ID Pathway Meta Data

PW128142

Pw128142 View Pathway
drug action

Segesterone acetate Action Pathway

Homo sapiens
Segesterone acetate, also known as Annovera, is a synthetic progestin derived from 19-norprogesterone. This drug is very potent; it mediates progestational activity 100 times higher than that of progesterone. It is used as a contraceptive but also as a treatment for endometriosis in South American countries. Segesterone acetate binds selectively to progesterone receptors. This drug differs from other contraceptives because it needs to be administered parenterally since it is rapidly metabolized in the liver. Segesterone acetate is not active when taken orally, but it is proved to be an anti-ovulatory agent when given in implants, vaginal rings, or percutaneous gel. This drug acts by binding as an agonist to the progesterone receptors in the hypothalamus, this causes the level of production of Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) to increase. This lower the transcription of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in the pituitary gland. This prevents ovulation by blocking the midcycle surge in LH, resulting in the inhibition of ovarian follicles. This drug is administered as a vaginal ring that is releasing the hormone for 21 days. The cycle of 21 days can be repeated for 13 cycles. This vaginal ring also contains ethinyl estradiol.

PW146856

Pw146856 View Pathway
drug action

Segesterone acetate Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Homo sapiens

PW128323

Pw128323 View Pathway
drug action

Selegiline Action Pathway

Homo sapiens
Selegiline is an irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs). It is indicated for the initial treatment of Parkinson's disease and for adjunct therapy in patients that are having decreased response to levodopa or carbadopa. This molecule can also be used as a palliative treatment of Alzheimer's disease and at very high doses, for the treatment of depression. The monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of many amines like serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. There are 2 isoforms of this protein: A and B. The first one is found in cells located in the periphery and breakdown serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. The second one, the B isoform, breakdowns phenylethylamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. This isoform is found in the extracellular tissues and mostly in the brain. The mechanism of action of the MAOIs is still not determined, it is thought that they act by increasing free serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations and/or by altering the concentrations of other amines in the CNS. MAO-A inhibition is thought to be more relevant to antidepressant activity than the inhibition caused by MAO B. Selective MAO B inhibitors have no antidepressant effects. MAO-B is involved in the nigrostriatal pathways, it accelerates the breakdown of dopamine in the cells. Selegiline binds selectively to MAO-B, this hinders the microsomal breakdown of dopamine, thereby amplifying the dopaminergic activities in the substantial nigra. At higher doses, selegiline can also binds MAO-A, enabling its application in depression treatment. This drug is administered as an oral tablet.

PW145133

Pw145133 View Pathway
drug action

Selegiline Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Homo sapiens

PW146212

Pw146212 View Pathway
drug action

Selenic acid Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Homo sapiens

PW146250

Pw146250 View Pathway
drug action

Selenious acid Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Homo sapiens

PW146256

Pw146256 View Pathway
drug action

Selenium Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Homo sapiens

PW001894

Pw001894 View Pathway
metabolic

Selenium Metabolism

Escherichia coli
The selenium metabolism begins with the introduction of selenate and selenite to the cytosol through a sulphate permease system. Once in the cell, selenate can be reduced to selenite through nitrate reductases A and Z. Selenite then interacts with glutathione and 2 hydrogen ions resulting in the release of 2 water molecules, a hydroxide molecule, a glutathione disulfide and a selenodiglutathione. The latter compound then reacts with NADPH+H resulting in the release of a NADP, a glutathione and a glutathioselenol. Glutathiolselenol can then be oxidize resulting in a a glutathiolselenol ion which can then interact with a water molecule resulting in a release of glutathion and selenium Glutathiolselenol can also react with NADPH and hydrogen ion resulting in a release of glutathione, NADP, a hydroxide molecule and a hydrogen selenide. This compound can react in a reversible reaction by being oxidized resulting in a hydrogen selenide ion . This compound can then be phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP and releasing a AMP, a phosphate and a selenophosphate.

PW123413

Pw123413 View Pathway
metabolic

Selenium Metabolism

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
The selenium metabolism begins with the introduction of selenate and selenite to the cytosol through a sulphate permease system. Once in the cell, selenate can be reduced to selenite through nitrate reductases A and Z. Selenite then interacts with glutathione and 2 hydrogen ions resulting in the release of 2 water molecules, a hydroxide molecule, a glutathione disulfide and a selenodiglutathione. The latter compound then reacts with NADPH+H resulting in the release of a NADP, a glutathione and a glutathioselenol. Glutathiolselenol can then be oxidize resulting in a a glutathiolselenol ion which can then interact with a water molecule resulting in a release of glutathion and selenium Glutathiolselenol can also react with NADPH and hydrogen ion resulting in a release of glutathione, NADP, a hydroxide molecule and a hydrogen selenide. This compound can react in a reversible reaction by being oxidized resulting in a hydrogen selenide ion . This compound can then be phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP and releasing a AMP, a phosphate and a selenophosphate.

PW145069

Pw145069 View Pathway
drug action

Selenium Sulfide Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Homo sapiens