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Pathway Description
Sulfate/Sulfite Metabolism
Homo sapiens
Metabolic Pathway
Created: 2013-08-01
Last Updated: 2022-10-07
This pathway illustrates the conversion of sulfite to sulfate (via sulfate oxidase) and subsequent generation of adenylylsulfate (APS) via 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2. APS is converted to phosphoadenylyl-sulfate (PAPS) via adenylylsulfate kinase. APS can also be regenerated from PAPS by 3'(2'), 5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase 1. PAPS is eventually converted to adenosine bisophosphate (PAP) through the action of several different enzymes including aryl sulfotransferase, chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase 13 and estrone sulfotransferase.
The metabolism pathway in question is important for many reasons. Recall, that the sulfite ion is in fact the conjugate base of sulfurous acid. Moreover, this ion is found naturally in one of the worlds most popular beverages, wines. Beyond its natural occurence, sulfite ion had the property of stopping fermentation. As such, the addition of it to products such as wine can be used either as a preservative or to stop the fermentation process at a moment which is of interest. Finally, this preservation property goes beyond merely wines, and finds utility in dried fruits, potatoes, etc.
References
Sulfate/Sulfite Metabolism References
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Pubmed: 7599189
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Pubmed: 10679223
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Pubmed: 10559207
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Pubmed: 10224133
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Pubmed: 14702039
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Pubmed: 16710414
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Pubmed: 8185618
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Pubmed: 8530066
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Pubmed: 7779757
Gamage NU, Duggleby RG, Barnett AC, Tresillian M, Latham CF, Liyou NE, McManus ME, Martin JL: Structure of a human carcinogen-converting enzyme, SULT1A1. Structural and kinetic implications of substrate inhibition. J Biol Chem. 2003 Feb 28;278(9):7655-62. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M207246200. Epub 2002 Dec 5.
Pubmed: 12471039
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Pubmed: 20417180
Zhu X, Veronese ME, Bernard CC, Sansom LN, McManus ME: Identification of two human brain aryl sulfotransferase cDNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Aug 31;195(1):120-7. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2018.
Pubmed: 8363592
Fuda H, Lee YC, Shimizu C, Javitt NB, Strott CA: Mutational analysis of human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2B1 isoforms reveals that exon 1B of the SULT2B1 gene produces cholesterol sulfotransferase, whereas exon 1A yields pregnenolone sulfotransferase. J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 27;277(39):36161-6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M207165200. Epub 2002 Jul 26.
Pubmed: 12145317
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Pubmed: 12923182
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Pubmed: 28575648
Schmidt HH, Dyomin VG, Palanisamy N, Itoyama T, Nanjangud G, Pirc-Danoewinata H, Haas OA, Chaganti RS: Deregulation of the carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 11 (CHST11) gene in a B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with a t(12;14)(q23;q32). Oncogene. 2004 Sep 9;23(41):6991-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207934.
Pubmed: 15273723
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Pubmed: 11056388
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Pubmed: 10781601
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