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Pathway Description
Cyclophosphamide Metabolism Pathway
Homo sapiens
Drug Metabolism Pathway
Created: 2013-09-11
Last Updated: 2019-08-30
Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of certain cancers. Following absorption, cyclophosphamide is converted into 4-hydroxyphosphamide by a variety of cytochrome P450 isozymes in the liver. 4-Hydroxyphosphamide is more soluble than cyclophosphamide and is the primary form of the drug that is transported in blood. 4-Hydroxyphosphamide crosses the plasma membrane of the cancer cell and spontaneuosly forms aldophosphamide. This is a reversible reaction. Aldophosphamide can decompose into acrolein and phosphoramide mustard. Phosphoramide mustard is the active alkylating agent and forms alkyl adducts with DNA through a phosphoramide aziridinium intermediate. Alkylation of DNA causes DNA damage and eventually cell death.
References
Cyclophosphamide Pathway References
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Pubmed: 9322882
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Pubmed: 18690502
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Meehan RR, Gosden JR, Rout D, Hastie ND, Friedberg T, Adesnik M, Buckland R, van Heyningen V, Fletcher J, Spurr NK, et al.: Human cytochrome P-450 PB-1: a multigene family involved in mephenytoin and steroid oxidations that maps to chromosome 10. Am J Hum Genet. 1988 Jan;42(1):26-37.
Pubmed: 2827463
Kimura S, Pastewka J, Gelboin HV, Gonzalez FJ: cDNA and amino acid sequences of two members of the human P450IIC gene subfamily. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Dec 10;15(23):10053-4. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.23.10053.
Pubmed: 3697070
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1285. Epub 2003 Dec 21.
Pubmed: 14702039
Lang T, Klein K, Fischer J, Nussler AK, Neuhaus P, Hofmann U, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M, Zanger UM: Extensive genetic polymorphism in the human CYP2B6 gene with impact on expression and function in human liver. Pharmacogenetics. 2001 Jul;11(5):399-415.
Pubmed: 11470993
Lang T, Klein K, Richter T, Zibat A, Kerb R, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M, Zanger UM: Multiple novel nonsynonymous CYP2B6 gene polymorphisms in Caucasians: demonstration of phenotypic null alleles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Oct;311(1):34-43. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.068973. Epub 2004 Jun 9.
Pubmed: 15190123
Yamano S, Nhamburo PT, Aoyama T, Meyer UA, Inaba T, Kalow W, Gelboin HV, McBride OW, Gonzalez FJ: cDNA cloning and sequence and cDNA-directed expression of human P450 IIB1: identification of a normal and two variant cDNAs derived from the CYP2B locus on chromosome 19 and differential expression of the IIB mRNAs in human liver. Biochemistry. 1989 Sep 5;28(18):7340-8. doi: 10.1021/bi00444a029.
Pubmed: 2573390
Miyazawa M, Shindo M, Shimada T: Metabolism of (+)- and (-)-limonenes to respective carveols and perillyl alcohols by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 May;30(5):602-7. doi: 10.1124/dmd.30.5.602.
Pubmed: 11950794
Ibeanu GC, Goldstein JA, Meyer U, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Dayer P, Ghanayem BI, Blaisdell J: Identification of new human CYP2C19 alleles (CYP2C19*6 and CYP2C19*2B) in a Caucasian poor metabolizer of mephenytoin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Sep;286(3):1490-5.
Pubmed: 9732415
Ibeanu GC, Blaisdell J, Ghanayem BI, Beyeler C, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Wilkinson GR, Dayer P, Daly AK, Goldstein JA: An additional defective allele, CYP2C19*5, contributes to the S-mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype in Caucasians. Pharmacogenetics. 1998 Apr;8(2):129-35.
Pubmed: 10022751
Hsieh KP, Lin YY, Cheng CL, Lai ML, Lin MS, Siest JP, Huang JD: Novel mutations of CYP3A4 in Chinese. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Mar;29(3):268-73.
Pubmed: 11181494
Molowa DT, Schuetz EG, Wrighton SA, Watkins PB, Kremers P, Mendez-Picon G, Parker GA, Guzelian PS: Complete cDNA sequence of a cytochrome P-450 inducible by glucocorticoids in human liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jul;83(14):5311-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.14.5311.
Pubmed: 3460094
Gonzalez FJ, Schmid BJ, Umeno M, Mcbride OW, Hardwick JP, Meyer UA, Gelboin HV, Idle JR: Human P450PCN1: sequence, chromosome localization, and direct evidence through cDNA expression that P450PCN1 is nifedipine oxidase. DNA. 1988 Mar;7(2):79-86. doi: 10.1089/dna.1988.7.79.
Pubmed: 3267210
Dai D, Zeldin DC, Blaisdell JA, Chanas B, Coulter SJ, Ghanayem BI, Goldstein JA: Polymorphisms in human CYP2C8 decrease metabolism of the anticancer drug paclitaxel and arachidonic acid. Pharmacogenetics. 2001 Oct;11(7):597-607.
Pubmed: 11668219
Okino ST, Quattrochi LC, Pendurthi UR, McBride OW, Tukey RH: Characterization of multiple human cytochrome P-450 1 cDNAs. The chromosomal localization of the gene and evidence for alternate RNA splicing. J Biol Chem. 1987 Nov 25;262(33):16072-9.
Pubmed: 3500169
Hadidi H, Zahlsen K, Idle JR, Cholerton S: A single amino acid substitution (Leu160His) in cytochrome P450 CYP2A6 causes switching from 7-hydroxylation to 3-hydroxylation of coumarin. Food Chem Toxicol. 1997 Sep;35(9):903-7.
Pubmed: 9409631
Miles JS, Bickmore W, Brook JD, McLaren AW, Meehan R, Wolf CR: Close linkage of the human cytochrome P450IIA and P450IIB gene subfamilies: implications for the assignment of substrate specificity. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Apr 25;17(8):2907-17. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.8.2907.
Pubmed: 2726448
Yamano S, Nagata K, Yamazoe Y, Kato R, Gelboin HV, Gonzalez FJ: cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences of human P450 IIA3 (CYP2A3). Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Jun 26;17(12):4888. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.12.4888.
Pubmed: 2748347
Xiao T, Shoeb M, Siddiqui MS, Zhang M, Ramana KV, Srivastava SK, Vasiliou V, Ansari NH: Molecular cloning and oxidative modification of human lens ALDH1A1: implication in impaired detoxification of lipid aldehydes. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2009;72(9):577-84. doi: 10.1080/15287390802706371.
Pubmed: 19296407
Morgan CA, Hurley TD: Development of a high-throughput in vitro assay to identify selective inhibitors for human ALDH1A1. Chem Biol Interact. 2015 Jun 5;234:29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.028. Epub 2014 Nov 4.
Pubmed: 25450233
Hsu LC, Chang WC, Yoshida A: Genomic structure of the human cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase gene. Genomics. 1989 Nov;5(4):857-65.
Pubmed: 2591967
Hsu LC, Chang WC, Shibuya A, Yoshida A: Human stomach aldehyde dehydrogenase cDNA and genomic cloning, primary structure, and expression in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1992 Feb 15;267(5):3030-7.
Pubmed: 1737758
Hsu LC, Yoshida A: Human stomach aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH3. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1993;328:141-52. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2904-0_16.
Pubmed: 8493892
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