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Pathway Description
Dopamine Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Physiological Pathway
Created: 2023-09-11
Last Updated: 2023-11-27
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that can be taken as a tablet for hemodynamic imbalances caused by many heart problems and diseases. Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system. Dopamine enters the sympathetic neuron through a sodium-dependent dopamine transporter.. In the neuron, it is catalyzed by Dopamine beta-hydroxylase to synthesize norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is stored in synaptic storage sites where norepinephrine was already being stored. When the neuron is depolarized, this accumulation of norepinephrine is released into the synapse. In the synapse, dopamine prevents the re-uptake of norepinephrine by inhibiting Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter. The norepinephrine activates Beta-1 adrenergic receptor which is coupled to the G-protein signalling cascade. Activation of the receptor activates the cascade which leads to activated protein kinase through activation of adenylate cyclase. Protein kinase activates calcium channels in the membrane, causing the channels to open and allow Ca2+ into the cell. This causes a high concentration of Ca2+ to be present in the cardiomyocyte which activates activates the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This transports more Ca2+ into the cytosol. The high concentration of Ca2+ binds to troponin to cause cardiac muscle contractions and therefore, an increased heart rate. This helps conditions like Arrhythmia, myocardial infarctions, open-heart surgery, and trauma-induced hypotension. Dopamine has also been found to increase the amount of circulating epinephrine which can activate the release of norepinephrine in the heart, further increasing heart contractions. Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier so it is incapable of activating any dopamine receptors in the brain. It can only access the receptors present outside the brain which is why the drug mainly works through norepinephrine in noradrenergic neurons outside the brain, and especially in the heart. Low doses of dopamine cause vasodilation while can help with renal failure and related conditions.
References
Dopamine Action Pathway References
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