
Browsing Pathways
Showing 48701 -
48710 of 605359 pathways
SMPDB ID | Pathway Name and Description | Pathway Class | Chemical Compounds | Proteins |
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SMP0126724 |
Phenserine Action PathwayPhenserine is a next-generation acetylcholinesterase, used to treat dementia. It acts as a highly selective reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which is known to increase acetylcholine levels in the synaptic cleft and enhance the interaction between the neurotransmitter and the receptors. This mechanism of action is known to improve memory and cognition in alzheimer's subjects.
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SMP0126726 |
Agomelatine Serotonin Antagonist Action PathwayAgomelatine is structurally closely related to melatonin. Agomelatine is a potent agonist at melatonin receptors and an antagonist at serotonin-2C (5-HT2C) receptors and promotes dopamine and norepinephrine release. Agomelatine is indicated to treat major depressive episodes in adults. It is an atypical antidepressant.
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SMP0126731 |
Doxylamine H1-Antihistamine Blood Vessel Constriction Action PathwayDoxylamine is an ethanolamine class H1 antihistamine used to treat insomnia and allergy symptoms such as hay fever and hives. It is also used with pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.
H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. Allergies causes blood vessel dilation which causes swelling (edema) and fluid leakage. Doxylamine inhibits the H1 histamine receptor on blood vessel endothelial cells. This normally activates the Gq signalling cascade which activates phospholipase C which catalyzes the production of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). Because of the inhibition, IP3 doesn't activate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and DAG doesn't activate the release of calcium into the cytosol of the endothelial cell. This causes a low concentration of calcium in the cytosol, and it, therefore, cannot bind to calmodulin. Calcium bound calmodulin is required for the activation of the calmodulin-binding domain of nitric oxide synthase. The inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis prevents the activation of myosin light chain phosphatase. This causes an accumulation of myosin light chain-phosphate which causes the muscle to contract and the blood vessel to constrict, decreasing the swelling and fluid leakage from the blood vessels caused by allergens.
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SMP0126738 |
Doxylamine H1 Antihistamine Neurological Sleep Action PathwayDoxylamine is an ethanolamine class H1 antihistamine used to treat insomnia and allergy symptoms such as hay fever and hives. It is also used with pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria.
Wakefulness is regulated by histamine in the tuberomammillary nucleus, a part of the hypothalamus. Histidine is decarboxylated into histamine in the neuron. Histamine is transported into synaptic vesicles by a monoamine transporter then released into the synapse. Normally histamine would activate the H1 histamine receptor on the post-synaptic neuron in the tuberomammillary nucleus. Doxylamine inhibits the H1 histamine receptor, preventing the depolarization of the post-synaptic neuron. This prevents the wakefulness signal from being sent to the major areas of the brain, causing sleepiness.
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SMP0126743 |
Tobramycin Action Pathway (new)Tobramycin is an antibiotic that is commonly used to treat bacterial infections such as cystic fibrosis-associated bacterial, lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, eye, skin, and bone infections. This drug is a part of the aminoglycoside antibiotics family. It can be administered via inhalation, injection (intravenously or intramuscular), or even via topical cream. Tobramycin acts by binding to bacterial membranes causing displacement of divalent cations and increasing membrane permeability allowing entry into the bacterial cell. Once inside the bacterial cell, tobramycin then targets the bacterial 30S ribosome and binds to it, halting protein synthesis. It binds to the site where the normal base pairing of codon and anti-codon takes place as well as adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, with this blocked it leads to termination of the chain and production of non-functional proteins. The adverse effects of tobramycin are not well known therefore if a patient is experiencing overdose hemodialysis should be performed to clear the excess of tobramycin as they are at risk of nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade, respiratory paralysis, and/or respiratory failure.
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SMP0126750 |
Netilmicin Action PathwayNetilmicin is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside that is used to treat bacterial infections within the body such as bacteremia, septicemia, respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, burns, wounds, and peri-operative infections. It is a 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, that is similar to that of gentamicin except for the reduced ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Its mechanism of action is to inhibit protein synthesis by irreversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit (protein S12) and interfering with the mRNA binding and acceptor tRNA sites. Due to its interference with mRNA binding and tRNA wobble base pairing this leads to misreading and early termination of peptides that are rendered nonfunctional or toxic, stunting the bacterial growth and development. It is commonly administered intramuscularly and is rapidly absorbed.
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SMP0126755 |
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Indolelacetyl glutamineIndoleacetyl glutamine is indolic derivative of tryptophan. It is generated from indoleacetic acid. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) is a breakdown product of tryptophan metabolism and is often produced by the action of bacteria in the mammalian gut. Some endogenous production of IAA in mammalian tissues also occurs. It may be produced by the decarboxylation of tryptamine or the oxidative deamination of tryptophan. Indoleacetyl glutamine frequently occurs at low levels in urine and has been found in elevated levels in the urine of patients with hartnup disease, the characteristic symptoms of the disease are mental retardation and pellagra like skin rash. Several intestinal bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Clostridia, and E. coli, can catabolize Trp to tryptamine and indole pyruvic acid, which are then converted to indole-3-acetic acid, indole propionic acid, and indole lactic acid. Indole-3-acetic acid can be further combined with glutamine to produce indolyl acetyl glutamine in the liver or oxidized to indole-3-aldehyde (IAld) through peroxidase-catalyzed aerobic oxidation.
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SMP0126757 |
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of 3-Methylhistidine3-Methylhistidine, also known as 3-MHis, 3MH, pi-methylhistidine or pros-methylhistidine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. 3MH is also classified as a methylamino acid. Methylamino acids are primarily proteogenic amino acids (found in proteins) which have been methylated (in situ) on their side chains by various methyltransferase enzymes. Histidine can be methylated at either the N1 or N3 position of its imidazole ring, yielding the isomers 1-methylhistidine (1MH; also referred to as tau-methylhistidine, according to IUPAC) or 3-methylhistidine (3MH; pi-methylhistidine, according to IUPAC), respectively. There is considerable confusion with regard to the nomenclature of the methylated nitrogen atoms on the imidazole ring of histidine in histidine-containing proteins (such as actin and myosin) as well as histidine-containing peptides (such as anserine and ophidine/balenine). In particular, older literature (mostly prior to the year 2000) as well as most biochemists and nutrition scientists incorrectly number the imidazole nitrogen atom most proximal to the side chain beta-carbon as 1 or N1, while organic chemists correctly designate it as 3 or N3. As a result, biochemists and nutrition scientists historically designated anserine (Npi-methylated) as beta-alanyl-N1-methylhistidine (or beta-alanyl-1-methylhistidine), whereas according to standard IUPAC nomenclature, anserine is correctly named as beta-alanyl-N3-methylhistidine. As a result, for several decades, many papers incorrectly identified 1MH as a specific marker for dietary consumption or various pathophysiological effects when they really are referring to 3MH – and vice versa. 3MH can only be generated from histidine residues through the action of methyltransferases as a protein post-translational modification event. Histidine methylation on the 3- or pi site of histidine-containing proteins is mediated by only one known enzyme – METTL9. Recent discoveries have shown that 3MH is produced in essentially all vertebrates via the methyltransferase enzyme known as METTL9. METTL9 is a broad-specificity S-adenosylmethionine-mediated methyltransferase that mediates the formation of the majority of 3MH present in mammalian and other vertebrate proteomes. Because of its abundance in some muscle-related proteins but especially because of the high abundance of anserine found in poultry and fish, 3MH has been found to be a good biomarker for the consumption of meat. Dietary studies have shown that general poultry consumption (p-trend = 0.0006) and especially chicken consumption (p-trend = 0.0003) are associated with increased levels of 3MH in human plasma. 3‐MH is synthesized only in the muscle by the methylation of one histidine residue in actin and in varying amounts in myosin depending on the type of muscle. Thus, muscle protein degradation is the only endogenous source of 3‐MH in human plasma. 3‐MH might be a helpful biomarker in the assessment of muscle protein turnover, which is important in the diagnosis of frailty and sarcopenia.
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SMP0126762 |
Isocarboxazid Amine Oxidase Serotonin Antidepressant Action PathwayIsocarboxazid, also known as Marplan, is an antidepressant from the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) drug class. This drug is indicated in different disorders like major depression, dysthymic disorder, atypical disorder, panic disorder, and phobic disorders. Isocarboxazid inhibits the MAO in the brain, resulting in the relief of depressive symptoms. The monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of many amines like serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. There are 2 isoforms of this protein: A and B. The first one is found in cells located in the periphery and breakdown serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. The second one, the B isoform, breakdowns phenylethylamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. This isoform is found in the extracellular tissues and mostly in the brain. The mechanism of action of the MAOIs is still not determined, it is thought that they act by increasing free serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations and/or by altering the concentrations of other amines in the CNS. MAO A inhibition is thought to be more relevant to antidepressant activity than the inhibition caused by MAO B. Selective MAO B inhibitors have no antidepressant effects. This drug is administered as an oral tablet.
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SMP0126769 |
Chlortetracycline Action PathwayChlortetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic commonly used for veterinary practice, that is commonly administered via topical ointment. Chlortetracycline acts by competing for the A site of the bacterial ribosome, by doing so the tRNA cannot bind to the site and thus no more amino acids cannot be added to the peptide chain. Ultimately leading to protein synthesis and halting growth and reproduction, as proteins cannot be synthesized that are necessary for bacteria cell reproduction.
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Showing 48701 -
48710 of 169342 pathways