PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW144710 View Pathway	drug action Amiloride Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:16 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:16
PW127829 View Pathway	drug action Amiloride Action Pathway (New) Homo sapiens Amiloride is a pyrizine compound used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure.It is a pyrazine compound inhibiting sodium reabsorption through sodium channels in renal epithelial cells. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with diuretics to spare potassium loss. Amiloride works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys by binding to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channels, at the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subunits. This promotes the loss of sodium and water from the body, but without depleting potassium. Amiloride exerts its potassium sparing effect through the inhibition of sodium reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule, cortical collecting tubule and collecting duct; this decreases the net negative potential of the tubular lumen and reduces both potassium and hydrogen secretion and their subsequent excretion. Amiloride is not an aldosterone antagonist and its effects are seen even in the absence of aldosterone. It can be found under the brand name Midamor. Some side effects of using this drug may include high blood potassium levels, vomiting, rash, and headache. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Hayley Created On: June 07, 2023 at 08:42 Last Updated: June 07, 2023 at 08:42
PW000342 View Pathway	drug action Amiloride Action Pathway Homo sapiens Amiloride is a diuretic that inhibits the sodium channels in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting tube of the nephron where 1-2% of sodium reabsorption occurs. The inhibition of sodium reabsorption results in increased osmolarity in the lumen and decreased osmolarity in the interstitium of the nephron. This decreased osmotic gradient results in a modest diuresis. The drug is also potassium sparing. Potassium is typically excreted due to the electrochemical gradient produced by sodium reabsorption. Therefore, amiloride's inhibition of sodium reabsorption fails to produce an electrochemical gradient and therefore, inhibits potassium excretion. Amiloride causes an increase in sodium excretion and a decrease in potassium secretion. The drug is typically prescribed to patients with depleted potassium. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: WishartLab Created On: August 22, 2013 at 10:45 Last Updated: August 22, 2013 at 10:45
PW124026 View Pathway	drug action Amiloride Action Action Pathway Homo sapiens Amiloride is a K+ (potassium-sparing diuretics) that works by directly blocking the epithelial sodium channel mainly in the distal convoluted tubule in the nephrons of the kidney in Homo Sapiens. This pathway focuses on the action of the diuretic Amiloride on the ENaC of the distal convoluted tubule which works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption. This promotes the loss of sodium in the sodium-potassium pump as well as water from the body, but without depleting potassium. Amiloride exerts its potassium-sparing effect through the inhibition of sodium reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule, cortical collecting tubule, and collecting duct; this decreases the net negative potential of the tubular lumen and reduces both potassium and hydrogen secretion and their subsequent excretion. Amiloride is not an aldosterone antagonist and its effects are seen even in the absence of aldosterone. Usage of this drug alleviates symptoms of edema (swelling), oliguria (decreased urine output), high blood pressure, hypokalemia in patients taking diuretics. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Aadhavya Sivakumaran Created On: July 29, 2020 at 14:27 Last Updated: July 29, 2020 at 14:27
PW144601 View Pathway	drug action Amikacin Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 13:59 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 13:59
PW125985 View Pathway	drug action Amikacin Action Pathway (new) Homo sapiens Amikacin is a semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used to treat infections caused by both positive and negative strains of Gram bacteria, as it is considered bacteriocidal. It is commonly administered intravenously or intramuscular injection, and is used to successfully treat bacterial infections caused by Pseudomonas species, Escherichia coli, species of indole-positive Proteus, indole-negative Proteus, Providencia species, Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia species, and Acinetobacter species. Amikacin enters the bacterial cell and interacts in the cytosol with the bacterial ribosome 30S subunit, this interferes with mRNA binding and tRNA acceptor sites which halts protein synthesis. With protein synthesis inhibited this leads to the formation of non-functional and defective peptides. The structure of Amikacin allows it to enter the body and minimize enzymatic deactivation, this is helpful as it reduces bacterial resistance to the drug. 94%-98% of Amikacin is eliminated by the kidneys, relatively unchanged within a 24 hour period. Patients with renal impairment have more difficulty clearing Amikacin and doses have to be adjusted accordingly so no harm comes to the patient. If Amikacin accumulates or too much is administered it can lead to nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade. Caution should be taken by patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding as the possible effects of Amikacin on fetal development are unknown and could potentially be harmful. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Selena Created On: May 13, 2021 at 12:03 Last Updated: May 13, 2021 at 12:03
PW000351 View Pathway	drug action Amikacin Action Pathway Homo sapiens Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Amikacin binds irreversibly to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit protein and 16S rRNA and prevents the formation of the initiation complex with messenger RNA. More specifically, amikacin binds four nucleotides of the 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with the decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of the 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base of the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so that incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides, and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes. Aminoglycosides are useful in treating infections from mycobacteria such as, tuberculosis, and aerobic Gram-negative bacteria including, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Enterobacter. Aminoglycosides can also treat Gram-positive bacterial infections but are inferior to other available antibiotics. Aminoglycosides may be used in combination with penicillin type antibiotics. Aminoglycosides are not an effective treatment for anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: WishartLab Created On: August 22, 2013 at 10:45 Last Updated: August 22, 2013 at 10:45
PW145231 View Pathway	drug action Amifostine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 15:22 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 15:22
PW132337 View Pathway	metabolic Amifostine Drug Metabolism Homo sapiens Amifostine is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Amifostine passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: September 21, 2023 at 20:59 Last Updated: September 21, 2023 at 20:59
PW146416 View Pathway	drug action Amifampridine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 18:08 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 18:08