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Quinidine Action Pathway
Quinidine Pathway References
Dhein, S. Antiarrhythmic drugs. In S. Offermanns, & W. Rosenthal (Eds.). Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology. (2004) p.49-51. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Nattel S, Carlsson L: Innovative approaches to anti-arrhythmic drug therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):1034-49. doi: 10.1038/nrd2112.
Giudicessi JR, Ye D, Tester DJ, Crotti L, Mugione A, Nesterenko VV, Albertson RM, Antzelevitch C, Schwartz PJ, Ackerman MJ: Transient outward current (I(to)) gain-of-function mutations in the KCND3-encoded Kv4.3 potassium channel and Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2011 Jul;8(7):1024-32. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.02.021. Epub 2011 Feb 22.
Lee YC, Durr A, Majczenko K, Huang YH, Liu YC, Lien CC, Tsai PC, Ichikawa Y, Goto J, Monin ML, Li JZ, Chung MY, Mundwiller E, Shakkottai V, Liu TT, Tesson C, Lu YC, Brice A, Tsuji S, Burmeister M, Stevanin G, Soong BW: Mutations in KCND3 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 22. Ann Neurol. 2012 Dec;72(6):859-69. doi: 10.1002/ana.23701.
Kurihara M, Ishiura H, Sasaki T, Otsuka J, Hayashi T, Terao Y, Matsukawa T, Mitsui J, Kaneko J, Nishiyama K, Doi K, Yoshimura J, Morishita S, Shimizu J, Tsuji S: Novel De Novo KCND3 Mutation in a Japanese Patient with Intellectual Disability, Cerebellar Ataxia, Myoclonus, and Dystonia. Cerebellum. 2018 Apr;17(2):237-242. doi: 10.1007/s12311-017-0883-4.
Bahring R, Dannenberg J, Peters HC, Leicher T, Pongs O, Isbrandt D: Conserved Kv4 N-terminal domain critical for effects of Kv channel-interacting protein 2.2 on channel expression and gating. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 29;276(26):23888-94. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M101320200. Epub 2001 Apr 3.
An WF, Bowlby MR, Betty M, Cao J, Ling HP, Mendoza G, Hinson JW, Mattsson KI, Strassle BW, Trimmer JS, Rhodes KJ: Modulation of A-type potassium channels by a family of calcium sensors. Nature. 2000 Feb 3;403(6769):553-6. doi: 10.1038/35000592.
Ohya S, Morohashi Y, Muraki K, Tomita T, Watanabe M, Iwatsubo T, Imaizumi Y: Molecular cloning and expression of the novel splice variants of K(+) channel-interacting protein 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Mar 23;282(1):96-102. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4558.
Schmitt N, Schwarz M, Peretz A, Abitbol I, Attali B, Pongs O: A recessive C-terminal Jervell and Lange-Nielsen mutation of the KCNQ1 channel impairs subunit assembly. EMBO J. 2000 Feb 1;19(3):332-40. doi: 10.1093/emboj/19.3.332.
Selyanko AA, Hadley JK, Wood IC, Abogadie FC, Jentsch TJ, Brown DA: Inhibition of KCNQ1-4 potassium channels expressed in mammalian cells via M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J Physiol. 2000 Feb 1;522 Pt 3:349-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-2-00349.x.
Angelo K, Jespersen T, Grunnet M, Nielsen MS, Klaerke DA, Olesen SP: KCNE5 induces time- and voltage-dependent modulation of the KCNQ1 current. Biophys J. 2002 Oct;83(4):1997-2006. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)73961-1.
Kang C, Tian C, Sonnichsen FD, Smith JA, Meiler J, George AL Jr, Vanoye CG, Kim HJ, Sanders CR: Structure of KCNE1 and implications for how it modulates the KCNQ1 potassium channel. Biochemistry. 2008 Aug 5;47(31):7999-8006. doi: 10.1021/bi800875q. Epub 2008 Jul 9.
Tesson F, Donger C, Denjoy I, Berthet M, Bennaceur M, Petit C, Coumel P, Schwarts K, Guicheney P: Exclusion of KCNE1 (IsK) as a candidate gene for Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996 Sep;28(9):2051-5.
Schulze-Bahr E, Wang Q, Wedekind H, Haverkamp W, Chen Q, Sun Y, Rubie C, Hordt M, Towbin JA, Borggrefe M, Assmann G, Qu X, Somberg JC, Breithardt G, Oberti C, Funke H: KCNE1 mutations cause jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Nat Genet. 1997 Nov;17(3):267-8. doi: 10.1038/ng1197-267.
Andelfinger G, Tapper AR, Welch RC, Vanoye CG, George AL Jr, Benson DW: KCNJ2 mutation results in Andersen syndrome with sex-specific cardiac and skeletal muscle phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Sep;71(3):663-8. doi: 10.1086/342360. Epub 2002 Jul 29.
Tristani-Firouzi M, Jensen JL, Donaldson MR, Sansone V, Meola G, Hahn A, Bendahhou S, Kwiecinski H, Fidzianska A, Plaster N, Fu YH, Ptacek LJ, Tawil R: Functional and clinical characterization of KCNJ2 mutations associated with LQT7 (Andersen syndrome). J Clin Invest. 2002 Aug;110(3):381-8. doi: 10.1172/JCI15183.
Priori SG, Pandit SV, Rivolta I, Berenfeld O, Ronchetti E, Dhamoon A, Napolitano C, Anumonwo J, di Barletta MR, Gudapakkam S, Bosi G, Stramba-Badiale M, Jalife J: A novel form of short QT syndrome (SQT3) is caused by a mutation in the KCNJ2 gene. Circ Res. 2005 Apr 15;96(7):800-7. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000162101.76263.8c. Epub 2005 Mar 10.
Perier F, Radeke CM, Vandenberg CA: Primary structure and characterization of a small-conductance inwardly rectifying potassium channel from human hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 21;91(13):6240-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.13.6240.
Tang W, Yang XC: Cloning a novel human brain inward rectifier potassium channel and its functional expression in Xenopus oocytes. FEBS Lett. 1994 Jul 18;348(3):239-43. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00612-1.
Makhina EN, Kelly AJ, Lopatin AN, Mercer RW, Nichols CG: Cloning and expression of a novel human brain inward rectifier potassium channel. J Biol Chem. 1994 Aug 12;269(32):20468-74.
Soldatov NM: Molecular diversity of L-type Ca2+ channel transcripts in human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 May 15;89(10):4628-32. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4628.
Schultz D, Mikala G, Yatani A, Engle DB, Iles DE, Segers B, Sinke RJ, Weghuis DO, Klockner U, Wakamori M, et al.: Cloning, chromosomal localization, and functional expression of the alpha 1 subunit of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel from normal human heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 1;90(13):6228-32. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.13.6228.
Soldatov NM: Genomic structure of human L-type Ca2+ channel. Genomics. 1994 Jul 1;22(1):77-87. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1347.
Klugbauer N, Lacinova L, Marais E, Hobom M, Hofmann F: Molecular diversity of the calcium channel alpha2delta subunit. J Neurosci. 1999 Jan 15;19(2):684-91.
Gao B, Sekido Y, Maximov A, Saad M, Forgacs E, Latif F, Wei MH, Lerman M, Lee JH, Perez-Reyes E, Bezprozvanny I, Minna JD: Functional properties of a new voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha(2)delta auxiliary subunit gene (CACNA2D2). J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 21;275(16):12237-42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.12237.
Hobom M, Dai S, Marais E, Lacinova L, Hofmann F, Klugbauer N: Neuronal distribution and functional characterization of the calcium channel alpha2delta-2 subunit. Eur J Neurosci. 2000 Apr;12(4):1217-26. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.01009.x.
Powers PA, Liu S, Hogan K, Gregg RG: Skeletal muscle and brain isoforms of a beta-subunit of human voltage-dependent calcium channels are encoded by a single gene. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):22967-72.
Williams ME, Feldman DH, McCue AF, Brenner R, Velicelebi G, Ellis SB, Harpold MM: Structure and functional expression of alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta subunits of a novel human neuronal calcium channel subtype. Neuron. 1992 Jan;8(1):71-84. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90109-q.
Collin T, Wang JJ, Nargeot J, Schwartz A: Molecular cloning of three isoforms of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel beta subunit from normal human heart. Circ Res. 1993 Jun;72(6):1337-44. doi: 10.1161/01.res.72.6.1337.
Striated Muscle Contraction References
Cooke R: The sliding filament model: 1972-2004. J Gen Physiol. 2004 Jun;123(6):643-56. doi: 10.1085/jgp.200409089.
Szent-Gyorgyi A: The mechanism of muscle contraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Sep;71(9):3343-4.
Kuo IY, Ehrlich BE: Signaling in muscle contraction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015 Feb 2;7(2):a006023. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006023.
Giudicessi JR, Ye D, Tester DJ, Crotti L, Mugione A, Nesterenko VV, Albertson RM, Antzelevitch C, Schwartz PJ, Ackerman MJ: Transient outward current (I(to)) gain-of-function mutations in the KCND3-encoded Kv4.3 potassium channel and Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2011 Jul;8(7):1024-32. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.02.021. Epub 2011 Feb 22.
Lee YC, Durr A, Majczenko K, Huang YH, Liu YC, Lien CC, Tsai PC, Ichikawa Y, Goto J, Monin ML, Li JZ, Chung MY, Mundwiller E, Shakkottai V, Liu TT, Tesson C, Lu YC, Brice A, Tsuji S, Burmeister M, Stevanin G, Soong BW: Mutations in KCND3 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 22. Ann Neurol. 2012 Dec;72(6):859-69. doi: 10.1002/ana.23701.
Kurihara M, Ishiura H, Sasaki T, Otsuka J, Hayashi T, Terao Y, Matsukawa T, Mitsui J, Kaneko J, Nishiyama K, Doi K, Yoshimura J, Morishita S, Shimizu J, Tsuji S: Novel De Novo KCND3 Mutation in a Japanese Patient with Intellectual Disability, Cerebellar Ataxia, Myoclonus, and Dystonia. Cerebellum. 2018 Apr;17(2):237-242. doi: 10.1007/s12311-017-0883-4.
Bahring R, Dannenberg J, Peters HC, Leicher T, Pongs O, Isbrandt D: Conserved Kv4 N-terminal domain critical for effects of Kv channel-interacting protein 2.2 on channel expression and gating. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 29;276(26):23888-94. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M101320200. Epub 2001 Apr 3.
An WF, Bowlby MR, Betty M, Cao J, Ling HP, Mendoza G, Hinson JW, Mattsson KI, Strassle BW, Trimmer JS, Rhodes KJ: Modulation of A-type potassium channels by a family of calcium sensors. Nature. 2000 Feb 3;403(6769):553-6. doi: 10.1038/35000592.
Ohya S, Morohashi Y, Muraki K, Tomita T, Watanabe M, Iwatsubo T, Imaizumi Y: Molecular cloning and expression of the novel splice variants of K(+) channel-interacting protein 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Mar 23;282(1):96-102. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4558.
Schmitt N, Schwarz M, Peretz A, Abitbol I, Attali B, Pongs O: A recessive C-terminal Jervell and Lange-Nielsen mutation of the KCNQ1 channel impairs subunit assembly. EMBO J. 2000 Feb 1;19(3):332-40. doi: 10.1093/emboj/19.3.332.
Selyanko AA, Hadley JK, Wood IC, Abogadie FC, Jentsch TJ, Brown DA: Inhibition of KCNQ1-4 potassium channels expressed in mammalian cells via M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J Physiol. 2000 Feb 1;522 Pt 3:349-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-2-00349.x.
Angelo K, Jespersen T, Grunnet M, Nielsen MS, Klaerke DA, Olesen SP: KCNE5 induces time- and voltage-dependent modulation of the KCNQ1 current. Biophys J. 2002 Oct;83(4):1997-2006. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)73961-1.
Kang C, Tian C, Sonnichsen FD, Smith JA, Meiler J, George AL Jr, Vanoye CG, Kim HJ, Sanders CR: Structure of KCNE1 and implications for how it modulates the KCNQ1 potassium channel. Biochemistry. 2008 Aug 5;47(31):7999-8006. doi: 10.1021/bi800875q. Epub 2008 Jul 9.
Tesson F, Donger C, Denjoy I, Berthet M, Bennaceur M, Petit C, Coumel P, Schwarts K, Guicheney P: Exclusion of KCNE1 (IsK) as a candidate gene for Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996 Sep;28(9):2051-5.
Schulze-Bahr E, Wang Q, Wedekind H, Haverkamp W, Chen Q, Sun Y, Rubie C, Hordt M, Towbin JA, Borggrefe M, Assmann G, Qu X, Somberg JC, Breithardt G, Oberti C, Funke H: KCNE1 mutations cause jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Nat Genet. 1997 Nov;17(3):267-8. doi: 10.1038/ng1197-267.
Andelfinger G, Tapper AR, Welch RC, Vanoye CG, George AL Jr, Benson DW: KCNJ2 mutation results in Andersen syndrome with sex-specific cardiac and skeletal muscle phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Sep;71(3):663-8. doi: 10.1086/342360. Epub 2002 Jul 29.
Tristani-Firouzi M, Jensen JL, Donaldson MR, Sansone V, Meola G, Hahn A, Bendahhou S, Kwiecinski H, Fidzianska A, Plaster N, Fu YH, Ptacek LJ, Tawil R: Functional and clinical characterization of KCNJ2 mutations associated with LQT7 (Andersen syndrome). J Clin Invest. 2002 Aug;110(3):381-8. doi: 10.1172/JCI15183.
Priori SG, Pandit SV, Rivolta I, Berenfeld O, Ronchetti E, Dhamoon A, Napolitano C, Anumonwo J, di Barletta MR, Gudapakkam S, Bosi G, Stramba-Badiale M, Jalife J: A novel form of short QT syndrome (SQT3) is caused by a mutation in the KCNJ2 gene. Circ Res. 2005 Apr 15;96(7):800-7. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000162101.76263.8c. Epub 2005 Mar 10.
Perier F, Radeke CM, Vandenberg CA: Primary structure and characterization of a small-conductance inwardly rectifying potassium channel from human hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 21;91(13):6240-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.13.6240.
Tang W, Yang XC: Cloning a novel human brain inward rectifier potassium channel and its functional expression in Xenopus oocytes. FEBS Lett. 1994 Jul 18;348(3):239-43. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00612-1.
Makhina EN, Kelly AJ, Lopatin AN, Mercer RW, Nichols CG: Cloning and expression of a novel human brain inward rectifier potassium channel. J Biol Chem. 1994 Aug 12;269(32):20468-74.
Soldatov NM: Molecular diversity of L-type Ca2+ channel transcripts in human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 May 15;89(10):4628-32. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4628.
Schultz D, Mikala G, Yatani A, Engle DB, Iles DE, Segers B, Sinke RJ, Weghuis DO, Klockner U, Wakamori M, et al.: Cloning, chromosomal localization, and functional expression of the alpha 1 subunit of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel from normal human heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 1;90(13):6228-32. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.13.6228.
Soldatov NM: Genomic structure of human L-type Ca2+ channel. Genomics. 1994 Jul 1;22(1):77-87. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1347.
Klugbauer N, Lacinova L, Marais E, Hobom M, Hofmann F: Molecular diversity of the calcium channel alpha2delta subunit. J Neurosci. 1999 Jan 15;19(2):684-91.
Gao B, Sekido Y, Maximov A, Saad M, Forgacs E, Latif F, Wei MH, Lerman M, Lee JH, Perez-Reyes E, Bezprozvanny I, Minna JD: Functional properties of a new voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha(2)delta auxiliary subunit gene (CACNA2D2). J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 21;275(16):12237-42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.12237.
Hobom M, Dai S, Marais E, Lacinova L, Hofmann F, Klugbauer N: Neuronal distribution and functional characterization of the calcium channel alpha2delta-2 subunit. Eur J Neurosci. 2000 Apr;12(4):1217-26. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.01009.x.
Powers PA, Liu S, Hogan K, Gregg RG: Skeletal muscle and brain isoforms of a beta-subunit of human voltage-dependent calcium channels are encoded by a single gene. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):22967-72.
Williams ME, Feldman DH, McCue AF, Brenner R, Velicelebi G, Ellis SB, Harpold MM: Structure and functional expression of alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta subunits of a novel human neuronal calcium channel subtype. Neuron. 1992 Jan;8(1):71-84. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90109-q.
Collin T, Wang JJ, Nargeot J, Schwartz A: Molecular cloning of three isoforms of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel beta subunit from normal human heart. Circ Res. 1993 Jun;72(6):1337-44. doi: 10.1161/01.res.72.6.1337.