Loading Pathway...
Error: Pathway image not found.
Hide
Pathway Description
Clomipramine Pathway
Homo sapiens
Metabolic Pathway
Created: 2013-09-11
Last Updated: 2023-06-22
Clomipramine is a dibenzazepine-derivative tricyclic antidepressant. Clomipramine may be used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and disorders with an obsessive-compulsive component (e.g. depression, schizophrenia, Tourette's disorder). Clomipramine works by inhibiting seretonin reuptake, therefore increasing the seretonin levels. Administrated Clomipramine is quickly enters the blood stream and 98% becomes bound to plasma protein. Because of this and Clomipramine's lipophilic properties, Clomipramine has a large volume of distribution.
References
Clomipramine Pathway References
[PharmgKB](http://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165960076)
McTavish D, Benfield P: Clomipramine. An overview of its pharmacological properties and a review of its therapeutic use in obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder. Drugs. 1990 Jan;39(1):136-53. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199039010-00010.
Pubmed: 2178909
Balant-Gorgia AE, Gex-Fabry M, Balant LP: Clinical pharmacokinetics of clomipramine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1991 Jun;20(6):447-62. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199120060-00002.
Pubmed: 2044329
da Costa CZ, de Morais RM, Zanetta DM, Turkiewicz G, Lotufo Neto F, Morikawa M, Rodrigues CL, Labbadia EM, Asbahr FR: Comparison among clomipramine, fluoxetine, and placebo for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013 Dec;23(10):687-92. doi: 10.1089/cap.2012.0110.
Pubmed: 24350814
Fallon BA, Liebowitz MR, Campeas R, Schneier FR, Marshall R, Davies S, Goetz D, Klein DF: Intravenous clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder refractory to oral clomipramine: a placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998 Oct;55(10):918-24. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.918.
Pubmed: 9783563
Benkelfat C, Murphy DL, Zohar J, Hill JL, Grover G, Insel TR: Clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Further evidence for a serotonergic mechanism of action. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Jan;46(1):23-8. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810010025004.
Pubmed: 2910220
Jimenez AG, Winward JD, Smith DM, Ragan CM: Effects of short-term clomipramine on anxiety-like behavior, cellular metabolism, and oxidative stress in primary fibroblast cells of male and female rats. Physiol Rep. 2018 May;6(9):e13615. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13615.
Pubmed: 29745454
Aitchison K, Datla K, Rooprai H, Fernando J, Dexter D: Regional distribution of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in rat brain and peripheral organs on chronic clomipramine administration. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Aug;24(8):1261-8. doi: 10.1177/0269881109105789. Epub 2009 Jun 24.
Pubmed: 19553387
Kimura S, Umeno M, Skoda RC, Meyer UA, Gonzalez FJ: The human debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D) locus: sequence and identification of the polymorphic CYP2D6 gene, a related gene, and a pseudogene. Am J Hum Genet. 1989 Dec;45(6):889-904.
Pubmed: 2574001
Gaedigk A, Bhathena A, Ndjountche L, Pearce RE, Abdel-Rahman SM, Alander SW, Bradford LD, Rogan PK, Leeder JS: Identification and characterization of novel sequence variations in the cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) gene in African Americans. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005;5(3):173-82. doi: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500305.
Pubmed: 15768052
Sridar C, Snider NT, Hollenberg PF: Anandamide oxidation by wild-type and polymorphically expressed CYP2B6 and CYP2D6. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 May;39(5):782-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.036707. Epub 2011 Feb 2.
Pubmed: 21289075
Ikeya K, Jaiswal AK, Owens RA, Jones JE, Nebert DW, Kimura S: Human CYP1A2: sequence, gene structure, comparison with the mouse and rat orthologous gene, and differences in liver 1A2 mRNA expression. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Sep;3(9):1399-408. doi: 10.1210/mend-3-9-1399.
Pubmed: 2575218
Jaiswal AK, Nebert DW, Gonzalez FJ: Human P3(450): cDNA and complete amino acid sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Aug 26;14(16):6773-4. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.16.6773.
Pubmed: 3755823
Quattrochi LC, Pendurthi UR, Okino ST, Potenza C, Tukey RH: Human cytochrome P-450 4 mRNA and gene: part of a multigene family that contains Alu sequences in its mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(18):6731-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.18.6731.
Pubmed: 3462722
Miyazawa M, Shindo M, Shimada T: Metabolism of (+)- and (-)-limonenes to respective carveols and perillyl alcohols by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 May;30(5):602-7. doi: 10.1124/dmd.30.5.602.
Pubmed: 11950794
Ibeanu GC, Goldstein JA, Meyer U, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Dayer P, Ghanayem BI, Blaisdell J: Identification of new human CYP2C19 alleles (CYP2C19*6 and CYP2C19*2B) in a Caucasian poor metabolizer of mephenytoin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Sep;286(3):1490-5.
Pubmed: 9732415
Ibeanu GC, Blaisdell J, Ghanayem BI, Beyeler C, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Wilkinson GR, Dayer P, Daly AK, Goldstein JA: An additional defective allele, CYP2C19*5, contributes to the S-mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype in Caucasians. Pharmacogenetics. 1998 Apr;8(2):129-35.
Pubmed: 10022751
Hsieh KP, Lin YY, Cheng CL, Lai ML, Lin MS, Siest JP, Huang JD: Novel mutations of CYP3A4 in Chinese. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Mar;29(3):268-73.
Pubmed: 11181494
Molowa DT, Schuetz EG, Wrighton SA, Watkins PB, Kremers P, Mendez-Picon G, Parker GA, Guzelian PS: Complete cDNA sequence of a cytochrome P-450 inducible by glucocorticoids in human liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jul;83(14):5311-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.14.5311.
Pubmed: 3460094
Gonzalez FJ, Schmid BJ, Umeno M, Mcbride OW, Hardwick JP, Meyer UA, Gelboin HV, Idle JR: Human P450PCN1: sequence, chromosome localization, and direct evidence through cDNA expression that P450PCN1 is nifedipine oxidase. DNA. 1988 Mar;7(2):79-86. doi: 10.1089/dna.1988.7.79.
Pubmed: 3267210
Highlighted elements will appear in red.
Highlight Compounds
Highlight Proteins
Enter relative concentration values (without units). Elements will be highlighted in a color gradient where red = lowest concentration and green = highest concentration. For the best results, view the pathway in Black and White.
Visualize Compound Data
Visualize Protein Data
Settings