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Pathway Description
Glutaminolysis and Cancer
Homo sapiens
Disease Pathway
Created: 2015-11-30
Last Updated: 2022-10-21
The glutaminolysis pathway catabolizes glutamine to generate ATP and lactate. Glutamine not only provides a major substrate for respiration but also for the synthesis of other macromolecules, such as nucleotides, proteins and hexosamines. It also macromolecule biosynthesis, glutaminolysis also has an important role in regulating redox balance, mTOR signaling, apoptosis and autophagy.
High extracellular glutamine concentrations stimulate tumor growth and are essential for cell transformation. The transportation of glutamine in and out regulates mTOR activation to coordinate cell growth and proliferation.
Glutaminolysis is a series of biochemical reactions by which glutamine is degraded into glutamate, aspartate, CO2, pyruvate, lactate, alanine and citrate.
Glutamine is imported through ASCT2 and SN2, once inside the cell, it can be deaminated into glutamate. Glutamate is converted into Oxoglutaric acid which then is incorporated into the TCA cycle. Once it reaches malic acid, it is transported outside the mitochondria and transformed into pyruvic acid and lactate.
The oxoglutaric acid can also be transformed into citric acid which then gets turned into acetyl coa and get incorporated into the lipid synthesis
References
Glutaminolysis and Cancer References
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