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Pathway Description
Acetylsalicylic Acid Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Drug Action Pathway
Created: 2013-08-04
Last Updated: 2022-10-17
Acetylsalicylic acid, also known as ASA or aspirin, belongs to a class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, aspirin also acts as an analgesic, antipyretic and antithrombotic agent. Like most other NSAIDs, aspirin exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2, better known as cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 or simply COX-1 and -2. COX-1 and -2 catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2. Prostaglandin H2 is the precursor to a number of other prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2, involved in pain, fever and inflammation. The antipyretic properties of aspirin arise from inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthesis in the preoptic region of the hypothalamus. Interference with adhesion and migration of granulocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages at sites of inflammation account for its anti-inflammatory effects. The analgesic effects of aspirin likely occur due to peripheral action at the site of injury and possibly within the CNS. Aspirin is unique from other NSAIDs in that it is an irreversible COX inhibitor. Aspirin irreversibly acetylates a serine side chain of COX rendering the enzyme inactive. Enzyme activity can only be regained by production of more cyclooxygenase. This unique property of aspirin and its higher selectivity for COX-1 over COX-2 makes it an effective antiplatelet agent. Platelets contain COX-1, a key enzyme in the production thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation. Since platelets lack the ability to make more enzyme, TXA2 production is inhibited for the lifetime of the platelet (approximately 8 – 12 days). Aspirin is commonly used at low doses to prevent cardiovascular events such as strokes and heart attacks. At higher doses, aspirin may be used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. Aspirin may cause gastric irritation and bleeding by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins that enhance and maintain the protective gastric mucous layer.
References
Acetylsalicylic Acid Pathway References
Aspirin. (2009). e-CPS (online version of Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties). Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Botting, R., & Botting, J. Cyclooxygenases. In S. Offermanns, & W. Rosenthal (Eds.). Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology. (2004) p.279-283. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Breyer, R.M., & Breyer, M.D. Prostanoids. In S. Offermanns, & W. Rosenthal (Eds.). Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology. (2004) p. 752-757. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Offermanns, S. Antiplatelet drugs. In S. Offermanns, & W. Rosenthal (Eds.). Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology. (2004) p.106-109. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Kroetz DL, Zeldin DC: Cytochrome P450 pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002 Jun;13(3):273-83.
Pubmed: 12045397
Zeldin DC: Epoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 28;276(39):36059-62. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R100030200. Epub 2001 Jul 12.
Pubmed: 11451964
Ondrey FG: Arachidonic acid metabolism: a primer for head and neck surgeons. Head Neck. 1998 Jul;20(4):334-49.
Pubmed: 9588707
Sigal E: The molecular biology of mammalian arachidonic acid metabolism. Am J Physiol. 1991 Feb;260(2 Pt 1):L13-28. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1991.260.2.L13.
Pubmed: 1899973
Yokoyama C, Tanabe T: Cloning of human gene encoding prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and primary structure of the enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Dec 15;165(2):888-94. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80049-x.
Pubmed: 2512924
Funk CD, Funk LB, Kennedy ME, Pong AS, Fitzgerald GA: Human platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/H synthase: cDNA cloning, expression, and gene chromosomal assignment. FASEB J. 1991 Jun;5(9):2304-12.
Pubmed: 1907252
Takahashi Y, Ueda N, Yoshimoto T, Yamamoto S, Yokoyama C, Miyata A, Tanabe T, Fuse I, Hattori A, Shibata A: Immunoaffinity purification and cDNA cloning of human platelet prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Jan 31;182(2):433-8. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91750-k.
Pubmed: 1734857
Kosaka T, Miyata A, Ihara H, Hara S, Sugimoto T, Takeda O, Takahashi E, Tanabe T: Characterization of the human gene (PTGS2) encoding prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2. Eur J Biochem. 1994 May 1;221(3):889-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18804.x.
Pubmed: 8181472
Jones DA, Carlton DP, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM: Molecular cloning of human prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase type II and demonstration of expression in response to cytokines. J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 25;268(12):9049-54.
Pubmed: 8473346
Hla T, Neilson K: Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7384-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7384.
Pubmed: 1380156
Kikuta Y, Miyauchi Y, Kusunose E, Kusunose M: Expression and molecular cloning of human liver leukotriene B4 omega-hydroxylase (CYP4F2) gene. DNA Cell Biol. 1999 Sep;18(9):723-30. doi: 10.1089/104454999315006.
Pubmed: 10492403
Zhang X, Chen L, Hardwick JP: Promoter activity and regulation of the CYP4F2 leukotriene B(4) omega-hydroxylase gene by peroxisomal proliferators and retinoic acid in HepG2 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 Jun 15;378(2):364-76. doi: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1836.
Pubmed: 10860554
Kikuta Y, Kusunose E, Kusunose M: Characterization of human liver leukotriene B(4) omega-hydroxylase P450 (CYP4F2). J Biochem. 2000 Jun;127(6):1047-52. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022696.
Pubmed: 10833273
Minami M, Ohno S, Kawasaki H, Radmark O, Samuelsson B, Jornvall H, Shimizu T, Seyama Y, Suzuki K: Molecular cloning of a cDNA coding for human leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Complete primary structure of an enzyme involved in eicosanoid synthesis. J Biol Chem. 1987 Oct 15;262(29):13873-6.
Pubmed: 3654641
Funk CD, Radmark O, Fu JY, Matsumoto T, Jornvall H, Shimizu T, Samuelsson B: Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(19):6677-81. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.19.6677.
Pubmed: 2821541
Mancini JA, Evans JF: Cloning and characterization of the human leukotriene A4 hydrolase gene. Eur J Biochem. 1995 Jul 1;231(1):65-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20671.x.
Pubmed: 7628486
Lam BK, Penrose JF, Freeman GJ, Austen KF: Expression cloning of a cDNA for human leukotriene C4 synthase, an integral membrane protein conjugating reduced glutathione to leukotriene A4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Aug 2;91(16):7663-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7663.
Pubmed: 8052639
Welsch DJ, Creely DP, Hauser SD, Mathis KJ, Krivi GG, Isakson PC: Molecular cloning and expression of human leukotriene-C4 synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Oct 11;91(21):9745-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.21.9745.
Pubmed: 7937884
Penrose JF, Spector J, Baldasaro M, Xu K, Boyce J, Arm JP, Austen KF, Lam BK: Molecular cloning of the gene for human leukotriene C4 synthase. Organization, nucleotide sequence, and chromosomal localization to 5q35. J Biol Chem. 1996 May 10;271(19):11356-61. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.19.11356.
Pubmed: 8626689
Rajpert-De Meyts E, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(23):8840-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.23.8840.
Pubmed: 2904146
Sakamuro D, Yamazoe M, Matsuda Y, Kangawa K, Taniguchi N, Matsuo H, Yoshikawa H, Ogasawara N: The primary structure of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Gene. 1988 Dec 15;73(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90307-1.
Pubmed: 2907498
Pitot HC, Goodspeed D, Dunn T, Hendrich S, Maronpot RR, Moran S: Regulation of the expression of some genes for enzymes of glutathione metabolism in hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1989 Jan;97(1):23-34. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(89)90052-5.
Pubmed: 2563599
Forsberg L, de Faire U, Morgenstern R: Low yield of polymorphisms from EST blast searching: analysis of genes related to oxidative stress and verification of the P197L polymorphism in GPX1. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(4):294-300. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:4<294::AID-HUMU6>3.0.CO;2-5.
Pubmed: 10220143
Kote-Jarai Z, Durocher F, Edwards SM, Hamoudi R, Jackson RA, Ardern-Jones A, Murkin A, Dearnaley DP, Kirby R, Houlston R, Easton DF, Eeles R: Association between the GCG polymorphism of the selenium dependent GPX1 gene and the risk of young onset prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2002;5(3):189-92. doi: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500569.
Pubmed: 12496980
Sukenaga Y, Ishida K, Takeda T, Takagi K: cDNA sequence coding for human glutathione peroxidase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Sep 11;15(17):7178. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.17.7178.
Pubmed: 3658677
Miyata A, Hara S, Yokoyama C, Inoue H, Ullrich V, Tanabe T: Molecular cloning and expression of human prostacyclin synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 May 16;200(3):1728-34. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1652.
Pubmed: 8185632
Chevalier D, Cauffiez C, Bernard C, Lo-Guidice JM, Allorge D, Fazio F, Ferrari N, Libersa C, Lhermitte M, D'Halluin JC, Broly F: Characterization of new mutations in the coding sequence and 5'-untranslated region of the human prostacylcin synthase gene (CYP8A1). Hum Genet. 2001 Feb;108(2):148-55. doi: 10.1007/s004390000444.
Pubmed: 11281454
Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, Burton J, Gilbert JG, Jones M, Stavrides G, Almeida JP, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Barlow KF, Bates KN, Beard LM, Beare DM, Beasley OP, Bird CP, Blakey SE, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Buck D, Burrill W, Butler AP, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clamp M, Clark G, Clark LN, Clark SY, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley VE, Collier RE, Connor R, Corby NR, Coulson A, Coville GJ, Deadman R, Dhami P, Dunn M, Ellington AG, Frankland JA, Fraser A, French L, Garner P, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths MN, Gwilliam R, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Heath PD, Ho S, Holden JL, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Jekosch K, Johnson CM, Johnson D, Kay MP, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights A, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lehvaslaiho MH, Leversha M, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Lovell JD, Marsh VL, Martin SL, McConnachie LJ, McLay K, McMurray AA, Milne S, Mistry D, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Nickerson T, Oliver K, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce TA, Peck AI, Phillimore BJ, Prathalingam SR, Plumb RW, Ramsay H, Rice CM, Ross MT, Scott CE, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Soderlund C, Steward CA, Sulston JE, Swann M, Sycamore N, Taylor R, Tee L, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans AC, Vaudin M, Wall M, Wallis JM, Whitehead SL, Whittaker P, Willey DL, Williams L, Williams SA, Wilming L, Wray PW, Hubbard T, Durbin RM, Bentley DR, Beck S, Rogers J: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20. Nature. 2001 Dec 20-27;414(6866):865-71. doi: 10.1038/414865a.
Pubmed: 11780052
Nagata A, Suzuki Y, Igarashi M, Eguchi N, Toh H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O: Human brain prostaglandin D synthase has been evolutionarily differentiated from lipophilic-ligand carrier proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 1;88(9):4020-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.9.4020.
Pubmed: 1902577
White DM, Mikol DD, Espinosa R, Weimer B, Le Beau MM, Stefansson K: Structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene for a brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):23202-8.
Pubmed: 1385416
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1285. Epub 2003 Dec 21.
Pubmed: 14702039
Arachidonic Acid Metabolism References
Lehninger, A.L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th ed.) (2005). New York: W.H Freeman.
Vance, D.E., and Vance, J.E. Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins, and membranes (4th ed.) (2002) Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier.
Salway, J.G. Metabolism at a glance (3rd ed.) (2004). Alden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub.
Kroetz DL, Zeldin DC: Cytochrome P450 pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002 Jun;13(3):273-83.
Pubmed: 12045397
Zeldin DC: Epoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 28;276(39):36059-62. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R100030200. Epub 2001 Jul 12.
Pubmed: 11451964
Ondrey FG: Arachidonic acid metabolism: a primer for head and neck surgeons. Head Neck. 1998 Jul;20(4):334-49.
Pubmed: 9588707
Sigal E: The molecular biology of mammalian arachidonic acid metabolism. Am J Physiol. 1991 Feb;260(2 Pt 1):L13-28. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1991.260.2.L13.
Pubmed: 1899973
Yokoyama C, Tanabe T: Cloning of human gene encoding prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and primary structure of the enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Dec 15;165(2):888-94. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80049-x.
Pubmed: 2512924
Funk CD, Funk LB, Kennedy ME, Pong AS, Fitzgerald GA: Human platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/H synthase: cDNA cloning, expression, and gene chromosomal assignment. FASEB J. 1991 Jun;5(9):2304-12.
Pubmed: 1907252
Takahashi Y, Ueda N, Yoshimoto T, Yamamoto S, Yokoyama C, Miyata A, Tanabe T, Fuse I, Hattori A, Shibata A: Immunoaffinity purification and cDNA cloning of human platelet prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Jan 31;182(2):433-8. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91750-k.
Pubmed: 1734857
Kosaka T, Miyata A, Ihara H, Hara S, Sugimoto T, Takeda O, Takahashi E, Tanabe T: Characterization of the human gene (PTGS2) encoding prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2. Eur J Biochem. 1994 May 1;221(3):889-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18804.x.
Pubmed: 8181472
Jones DA, Carlton DP, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM: Molecular cloning of human prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase type II and demonstration of expression in response to cytokines. J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 25;268(12):9049-54.
Pubmed: 8473346
Hla T, Neilson K: Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7384-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7384.
Pubmed: 1380156
Kikuta Y, Miyauchi Y, Kusunose E, Kusunose M: Expression and molecular cloning of human liver leukotriene B4 omega-hydroxylase (CYP4F2) gene. DNA Cell Biol. 1999 Sep;18(9):723-30. doi: 10.1089/104454999315006.
Pubmed: 10492403
Zhang X, Chen L, Hardwick JP: Promoter activity and regulation of the CYP4F2 leukotriene B(4) omega-hydroxylase gene by peroxisomal proliferators and retinoic acid in HepG2 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 Jun 15;378(2):364-76. doi: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1836.
Pubmed: 10860554
Kikuta Y, Kusunose E, Kusunose M: Characterization of human liver leukotriene B(4) omega-hydroxylase P450 (CYP4F2). J Biochem. 2000 Jun;127(6):1047-52. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022696.
Pubmed: 10833273
Minami M, Ohno S, Kawasaki H, Radmark O, Samuelsson B, Jornvall H, Shimizu T, Seyama Y, Suzuki K: Molecular cloning of a cDNA coding for human leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Complete primary structure of an enzyme involved in eicosanoid synthesis. J Biol Chem. 1987 Oct 15;262(29):13873-6.
Pubmed: 3654641
Funk CD, Radmark O, Fu JY, Matsumoto T, Jornvall H, Shimizu T, Samuelsson B: Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(19):6677-81. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.19.6677.
Pubmed: 2821541
Mancini JA, Evans JF: Cloning and characterization of the human leukotriene A4 hydrolase gene. Eur J Biochem. 1995 Jul 1;231(1):65-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20671.x.
Pubmed: 7628486
Lam BK, Penrose JF, Freeman GJ, Austen KF: Expression cloning of a cDNA for human leukotriene C4 synthase, an integral membrane protein conjugating reduced glutathione to leukotriene A4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Aug 2;91(16):7663-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7663.
Pubmed: 8052639
Welsch DJ, Creely DP, Hauser SD, Mathis KJ, Krivi GG, Isakson PC: Molecular cloning and expression of human leukotriene-C4 synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Oct 11;91(21):9745-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.21.9745.
Pubmed: 7937884
Penrose JF, Spector J, Baldasaro M, Xu K, Boyce J, Arm JP, Austen KF, Lam BK: Molecular cloning of the gene for human leukotriene C4 synthase. Organization, nucleotide sequence, and chromosomal localization to 5q35. J Biol Chem. 1996 May 10;271(19):11356-61. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.19.11356.
Pubmed: 8626689
Rajpert-De Meyts E, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(23):8840-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.23.8840.
Pubmed: 2904146
Sakamuro D, Yamazoe M, Matsuda Y, Kangawa K, Taniguchi N, Matsuo H, Yoshikawa H, Ogasawara N: The primary structure of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Gene. 1988 Dec 15;73(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90307-1.
Pubmed: 2907498
Pitot HC, Goodspeed D, Dunn T, Hendrich S, Maronpot RR, Moran S: Regulation of the expression of some genes for enzymes of glutathione metabolism in hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1989 Jan;97(1):23-34. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(89)90052-5.
Pubmed: 2563599
Forsberg L, de Faire U, Morgenstern R: Low yield of polymorphisms from EST blast searching: analysis of genes related to oxidative stress and verification of the P197L polymorphism in GPX1. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(4):294-300. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:4<294::AID-HUMU6>3.0.CO;2-5.
Pubmed: 10220143
Kote-Jarai Z, Durocher F, Edwards SM, Hamoudi R, Jackson RA, Ardern-Jones A, Murkin A, Dearnaley DP, Kirby R, Houlston R, Easton DF, Eeles R: Association between the GCG polymorphism of the selenium dependent GPX1 gene and the risk of young onset prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2002;5(3):189-92. doi: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500569.
Pubmed: 12496980
Sukenaga Y, Ishida K, Takeda T, Takagi K: cDNA sequence coding for human glutathione peroxidase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Sep 11;15(17):7178. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.17.7178.
Pubmed: 3658677
Miyata A, Hara S, Yokoyama C, Inoue H, Ullrich V, Tanabe T: Molecular cloning and expression of human prostacyclin synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 May 16;200(3):1728-34. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1652.
Pubmed: 8185632
Chevalier D, Cauffiez C, Bernard C, Lo-Guidice JM, Allorge D, Fazio F, Ferrari N, Libersa C, Lhermitte M, D'Halluin JC, Broly F: Characterization of new mutations in the coding sequence and 5'-untranslated region of the human prostacylcin synthase gene (CYP8A1). Hum Genet. 2001 Feb;108(2):148-55. doi: 10.1007/s004390000444.
Pubmed: 11281454
Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, Burton J, Gilbert JG, Jones M, Stavrides G, Almeida JP, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Barlow KF, Bates KN, Beard LM, Beare DM, Beasley OP, Bird CP, Blakey SE, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Buck D, Burrill W, Butler AP, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clamp M, Clark G, Clark LN, Clark SY, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley VE, Collier RE, Connor R, Corby NR, Coulson A, Coville GJ, Deadman R, Dhami P, Dunn M, Ellington AG, Frankland JA, Fraser A, French L, Garner P, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths MN, Gwilliam R, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Heath PD, Ho S, Holden JL, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Jekosch K, Johnson CM, Johnson D, Kay MP, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights A, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lehvaslaiho MH, Leversha M, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Lovell JD, Marsh VL, Martin SL, McConnachie LJ, McLay K, McMurray AA, Milne S, Mistry D, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Nickerson T, Oliver K, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce TA, Peck AI, Phillimore BJ, Prathalingam SR, Plumb RW, Ramsay H, Rice CM, Ross MT, Scott CE, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Soderlund C, Steward CA, Sulston JE, Swann M, Sycamore N, Taylor R, Tee L, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans AC, Vaudin M, Wall M, Wallis JM, Whitehead SL, Whittaker P, Willey DL, Williams L, Williams SA, Wilming L, Wray PW, Hubbard T, Durbin RM, Bentley DR, Beck S, Rogers J: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20. Nature. 2001 Dec 20-27;414(6866):865-71. doi: 10.1038/414865a.
Pubmed: 11780052
Nagata A, Suzuki Y, Igarashi M, Eguchi N, Toh H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O: Human brain prostaglandin D synthase has been evolutionarily differentiated from lipophilic-ligand carrier proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 1;88(9):4020-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.9.4020.
Pubmed: 1902577
White DM, Mikol DD, Espinosa R, Weimer B, Le Beau MM, Stefansson K: Structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene for a brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):23202-8.
Pubmed: 1385416
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1285. Epub 2003 Dec 21.
Pubmed: 14702039
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