[Metagen: DOPA-RESPONSIVE DYSTONIA](http://metagene.de/program/d.prg?id_d=451)

[OMIM: 600225](http://omim.org/entry/600225})

[NIH](http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/dopa-responsive-dystonia)

Wijemanne S, Jankovic J: Dopa-responsive dystonia--clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015 Jul;11(7):414-24. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.86. Epub 2015 Jun 23.

Rose SJ, Yu XY, Heinzer AK, Harrast P, Fan X, Raike RS, Thompson VB, Pare JF, Weinshenker D, Smith Y, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ: A new knock-in mouse model of l-DOPA-responsive dystonia. Brain. 2015 Oct;138(Pt 10):2987-3002. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv212. Epub 2015 Jul 27.

Lehninger, A.L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th ed.)  (2005). New York: W.H Freeman.

Salway, J.G. Metabolism at a glance (3rd ed.) (2004). Alden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub.

Thony B, Auerbach G, Blau N: Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, regeneration and functions. Biochem J. 2000 Apr 1;347 Pt 1:1-16.

Longo N: Disorders of biopterin metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2009 Jun;32(3):333-42. doi: 10.1007/s10545-009-1067-2. Epub 2009 Feb 9.

Crabtree MJ, Channon KM: Synthesis and recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin in endothelial function and vascular disease. Nitric Oxide. 2011 Aug 1;25(2):81-8. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.04.004. Epub 2011 Apr 22.

Duan CL, Su Y, Zhao CL, Lu LL, Xu QY, Yang H: The assays of activities and function of TH, AADC, and GCH1 and their potential use in ex vivo gene therapy of PD. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 2005 Dec;16(1-3):37-43. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.005.

Togari A, Ichinose H, Matsumoto S, Fujita K, Nagatsu T: Multiple mRNA forms of human GTP cyclohydrolase I. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Aug 31;187(1):359-65. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81501-3.

Gutlich M, Jaeger E, Rucknagel KP, Werner T, Rodl W, Ziegler I, Bacher A: Human GTP cyclohydrolase I: only one out of three cDNA isoforms gives rise to the active enzyme. Biochem J. 1994 Aug 15;302 ( Pt 1):215-21. doi: 10.1042/bj3020215.

Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1285. Epub 2003 Dec 21.

Zody MC, Garber M, Sharpe T, Young SK, Rowen L, O'Neill K, Whittaker CA, Kamal M, Chang JL, Cuomo CA, Dewar K, FitzGerald MG, Kodira CD, Madan A, Qin S, Yang X, Abbasi N, Abouelleil A, Arachchi HM, Baradarani L, Birditt B, Bloom S, Bloom T, Borowsky ML, Burke J, Butler J, Cook A, DeArellano K, DeCaprio D, Dorris L 3rd, Dors M, Eichler EE, Engels R, Fahey J, Fleetwood P, Friedman C, Gearin G, Hall JL, Hensley G, Johnson E, Jones C, Kamat A, Kaur A, Locke DP, Madan A, Munson G, Jaffe DB, Lui A, Macdonald P, Mauceli E, Naylor JW, Nesbitt R, Nicol R, O'Leary SB, Ratcliffe A, Rounsley S, She X, Sneddon KM, Stewart S, Sougnez C, Stone SM, Topham K, Vincent D, Wang S, Zimmer AR, Birren BW, Hood L, Lander ES, Nusbaum C: Analysis of the DNA sequence and duplication history of human chromosome 15. Nature. 2006 Mar 30;440(7084):671-5. doi: 10.1038/nature04601.

Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. doi: 10.1101/gr.2596504.

Thony B, Leimbacher W, Burgisser D, Heizmann CW: Human 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase: cDNA cloning and heterologous expression of the recombinant enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Dec 30;189(3):1437-43. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90235-d.

Ashida A, Hatakeyama K, Kagamiyama H: cDNA cloning, expression in Escherichia coli and purification of human 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Sep 30;195(3):1386-93. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2197.

Ashida A, Owada M, Hatakeyama K: A missense mutation (A to G) of 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase in tetrahydrobiopterin-deficient form of hyperphenylalaninemia. Genomics. 1994 Nov 15;24(2):408-10. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1642.