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Pathway Description
3-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Homo sapiens
Disease Pathway
Created: 2013-08-29
Last Updated: 2022-11-17
3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid dehydrogenase deficiency (3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria) is an extremely rare inborn error of metabolism (IEM), potentially caused by numerous mechanisms. It is currently thought to be autosomal recessively inherited. At least two cases of 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria were determined to be caused by a mutation in the ALDH6A1 gene, which encodes acylating methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. This enzyme converts 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate, CoA and water into propanoyl-CoA, using NAD+ as an oxidizing agent, and producing a hydrogen ion and hydrogencarbonate as byproducts. Other forms of 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria may be caused by a mutation in the gene encoding 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, which forms (S)-methylmalonic acid semialdehyde from (S)-3-hydroxyisobutyric acid. This mutation leads to an accumulation of (S)-3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, as no other processes in the pathway use it. 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria is characterized by elevated levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid excreted in the urine. Symptoms of the disorder include dysmorphic features, developmental delays and intellectual disabilities. Treatments are not currently well researched due to the rarity of the condition, but protein-restricted diets may be helpful. It is estimated that 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria affects less than 1 in 1,000,000 people, with only 12 cases having been reported by 2006.
References
3-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid Dehydrogenase Deficiency References
[Metagen: 3-HYDROXYISOBUTYRIC ACID DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY](http://metagene.de/program/d.prg?id_d=553)
Loupatty FJ, van der Steen A, Ijlst L, Ruiter JP, Ofman R, Baumgartner MR, Ballhausen D, Yamaguchi S, Duran M, Wanders RJ: Clinical, biochemical, and molecular findings in three patients with 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Mar;87(3):243-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.09.019. Epub 2006 Feb 8.
Pubmed: 16466957
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Pubmed: 9590056
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Pubmed: 21863277
Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation References
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Wanders RJ, Duran M, Loupatty FJ: Enzymology of the branched-chain amino acid oxidation disorders: the valine pathway. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2012 Jan;35(1):5-12. doi: 10.1007/s10545-010-9236-x. Epub 2010 Nov 23.
Pubmed: 21104317
Wang YP, Qi ML, Li TT, Zhao YJ: Two novel mutations in the BCKDHB gene (R170H, Q346R) cause the classic form of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). Gene. 2012 Apr 25;498(1):112-5. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.082. Epub 2012 Feb 3.
Pubmed: 22326532
Nobukuni Y, Mitsubuchi H, Endo F, Akaboshi I, Asaka J, Matsuda I: Maple syrup urine disease. Complete primary structure of the E1 beta subunit of human branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex deduced from the nucleotide sequence and a gene analysis of patients with this disease. J Clin Invest. 1990 Jul;86(1):242-7. doi: 10.1172/JCI114690.
Pubmed: 2365818
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Pubmed: 8651316
Park HD, Lee DH, Hong YH, Kang DH, Lee YK, Song J, Lee SY, Kim JW, Ki CS, Lee YW: Three Korean patients with maple syrup urine disease: four novel mutations in the BCKDHA gene. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2011 Spring;41(2):167-73.
Pubmed: 21844576
McKean MC, Winkeler KA, Danner DJ: Nucleotide sequence of the 5' end including the initiation codon of cDNA for the E1 alpha subunit of the human branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Nov 15;1171(1):109-12. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90149-t.
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Pubmed: 14702039
Feigenbaum AS, Robinson BH: The structure of the human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene (DLD) and its upstream elements. Genomics. 1993 Aug;17(2):376-81. doi: 10.1006/geno.1993.1335.
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Otulakowski G, Robinson BH: Isolation and sequence determination of cDNA clones for porcine and human lipoamide dehydrogenase. Homology to other disulfide oxidoreductases. J Biol Chem. 1987 Dec 25;262(36):17313-8.
Pubmed: 3693355
Pons G, Raefsky-Estrin C, Carothers DJ, Pepin RA, Javed AA, Jesse BW, Ganapathi MK, Samols D, Patel MS: Cloning and cDNA sequence of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase component human alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1422-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.5.1422.
Pubmed: 3278312
Wang SP, Robert MF, Gibson KM, Wanders RJ, Mitchell GA: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA lyase (HL): mouse and human HL gene (HMGCL) cloning and detection of large gene deletions in two unrelated HL-deficient patients. Genomics. 1996 Apr 1;33(1):99-104. doi: 10.1006/geno.1996.0164.
Pubmed: 8617516
Mitchell GA, Robert MF, Hruz PW, Wang S, Fontaine G, Behnke CE, Mende-Mueller LM, Schappert K, Lee C, Gibson KM, Miziorko HM, et al.: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase (HL). Cloning of human and chicken liver HL cDNAs and characterization of a mutation causing human HL deficiency. J Biol Chem. 1993 Feb 25;268(6):4376-81.
Pubmed: 8440722
Schuldiner O, Eden A, Ben-Yosef T, Yanuka O, Simchen G, Benvenisty N: ECA39, a conserved gene regulated by c-Myc in mice, is involved in G1/S cell cycle regulation in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jul 9;93(14):7143-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.14.7143.
Pubmed: 8692959
Bechtel S, Rosenfelder H, Duda A, Schmidt CP, Ernst U, Wellenreuther R, Mehrle A, Schuster C, Bahr A, Blocker H, Heubner D, Hoerlein A, Michel G, Wedler H, Kohrer K, Ottenwalder B, Poustka A, Wiemann S, Schupp I: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA Consortium. BMC Genomics. 2007 Oct 31;8:399. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-399.
Pubmed: 17974005
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