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Pathway Description
Pancreas Function - Beta Cell
Homo sapiens
Physiological Pathway
Created: 2018-11-08
Last Updated: 2019-09-13
Beta cells are found in pancreatic islet cells and their main function is to release insulin. Insulin counteracts glucagon and functions to maintain glucose homeostasis when glucose levels are high. Insulin is contained in granules in the cell as a reserve ready to be released, which is dependent on extracellular glucose levels, and intracellular calcium levels and/or various proteins that activate the vesicle-associated membrane protein on the insulin granules' membranes. In the process of insulin secretion, glucose must first undergo glycolysis to increase ATP in the cell. The inside of the beta cell then becomes electrically positive due to the closure of potassium channels that were inhibited by ATP. From this closure, the potassium is no longer being shuttled out of the cell, thus depolarizing the cell due to the extra intracellular potassium. The resulting action potential from the increased membrane potential causes the voltage gate calcium channels to open, creating an influx of calcium into the cell. This triggers the vesicle-associated membrane protein on the outside of the insulin granule to tether, dock, and fuse with the beta cell membrane. Insulin is then exocytosed from the cell. However, the vesicle-associated membrane protein can be activated by other means in addition to calcium. Acetylcholine can bind to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on the cell membrane and trigger a G protein cascade. This eventually leads to the activation of inositol trisphosphate to cause calcium release from the rough endoplasmic reticulum so that it can activate the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase to trigger the vesicle-associated membrane protein. The G protein cascade can also lead to the activation of diacylglycerol and subsequently protein kinase C to lead to the same outcome. Glucagon-like peptide can also trigger a similar G protein cascade when it binds to glucagon-like peptide receptors on the cell membrane of the beta cell. This process involves cAMP and a few other proteins in order to lead to the same eventual outcome of triggering the vesicle-associated membrane protein and the exocytosis of insulin from the beta cell.
References
Pancreas Function - Beta Cell References
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