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Pathway Description
Tenofovir Action Pathway (New)
Homo sapiens
Drug Action Pathway
Created: 2021-12-05
Last Updated: 2023-10-25
Tenofovir is a nucleotide analog that has shown to be effective against HIV, herpes simplex virus-2, and hepatitis B virus.
When HIV infects a cell, the virus first binds and fuses with the cell, releasing its nucleocapsid containing its RNA and reverse transcriptase into the cytosol of the cell. The reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into viral DNA in the cytosol. The viral DNA goes to the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex where it undergoes the process of transcription. The new viral RNA formed from transcription is transported back to the cytosol through the nuclear pore complex and translation occurs to produce viral proteins. These viral proteins are assembled and new HIV viruses bud from the cell.
Tenofovir enters the cell via solute carrier family 22 member 8 and is converted into tenofovir monophosphate by adenylate kinase. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase then converts tenofovir monophosphate into tenofovir diphosphate.
Tenofovir diphosphate is an analog of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP). Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by competing with its substrate, dATP and by incorporation into viral DNA. Tenofovir diphosphate lacks the 3'-OH group which is needed to form the 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, therefore, once tenofovir diphosphate gets incorporated into DNA, this causes DNA chain termination, preventing the growth of viral DNA. Less viral proteins are therefore produced, and there is a reduction in new viruses being formed.
References
Tenofovir Pathway (New) References
Andrade, C. H., Freitas, L. M., & Oliveira, V. de. (2011). Twenty-six years of HIV science: An overview of anti-HIV drugs metabolism. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 47(2), 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502011000200003
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Ritter, James (2020). Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology (9th ed). Antiviral drugs. Retrieved from: https://www-clinicalkey-com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/#!/browse/book/3-s2.0-C2016004202X
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Pubmed: 15644426
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Pubmed: 14702039
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Pubmed: 183954
Matsuura S, Igarashi M, Tanizawa Y, Yamada M, Kishi F, Kajii T, Fujii H, Miwa S, Sakurai M, Nakazawa A: Human adenylate kinase deficiency associated with hemolytic anemia. A single base substitution affecting solubility and catalytic activity of the cytosolic adenylate kinase. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jun 15;264(17):10148-55.
Pubmed: 2542324
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Pubmed: 15489334
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Pubmed: 2509941
Gilles AM, Presecan E, Vonica A, Lascu I: Nucleoside diphosphate kinase from human erythrocytes. Structural characterization of the two polypeptide chains responsible for heterogeneity of the hexameric enzyme. J Biol Chem. 1991 May 15;266(14):8784-9.
Pubmed: 1851158
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Pubmed: 7916650
Stahl JA, Leone A, Rosengard AM, Porter L, King CR, Steeg PS: Identification of a second human nm23 gene, nm23-H2. Cancer Res. 1991 Jan 1;51(1):445-9.
Pubmed: 1988104
Postel EH, Berberich SJ, Flint SJ, Ferrone CA: Human c-myc transcription factor PuF identified as nm23-H2 nucleoside diphosphate kinase, a candidate suppressor of tumor metastasis. Science. 1993 Jul 23;261(5120):478-80. doi: 10.1126/science.8392752.
Pubmed: 8392752
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