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Ca
+
Protein kinase
C alpha type
Voltage-
dependent
P/Q-type
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-1A
Voltage-
dependent
L-type calcium
channel subunit
beta-1
Voltage-
dependent
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-2/delta-2
Gq protein
signaling
cascade
Phospholipase C
Inositol 1,4,5-
trisphosphate
receptor type 1
Myosin light
chain kinase,
smooth muscle
Tropomyosin
alpha-1 chain
Tropomyosin
beta chain
Alpha-1A
adrenergic
receptor
Beta-1
adrenergic
receptor
Myosin LC-P
Myosin light
chain 3
Voltage-
dependent
L-type calcium
channel subunit
alpha-1C
Voltage-
dependent
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-2/delta-2
Voltage-
dependent
L-type calcium
channel subunit
beta-1
Ryanodine
receptor 2
cAMP-dependent
protein kinase
type I-alpha
regulatory
subunit
Sodium/calcium
exchanger 1
Voltage-
dependent
T-type calcium
channel subunit
alpha-1H
Voltage-
dependent
T-type calcium
channel subunit
alpha-1G
Serine/threonine-
protein
phosphatase
PP1-beta
catalytic
subunit
Calmodulin-1
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic
reticulum
calcium ATPase
2
Calmodulin-1
cAMP-dependent
protein kinase
catalytic
subunit alpha
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Ca
+
Ca
+
Ca
+
Ca
+
Ca
+
Na
+
Na
+
Ca
+
Ca
+
Ca
+
Ca
+
ATP
Phosphatidylinositol
4,5-bisphosphate
ATP
H
2
O
Ca
+
ADP
P
i
Ca
+
Ca
+
Ca
+
Diacylglycerol
Troponin
Troponin
Muscle
Contraction
Muscle
Relaxation
Muscle
Contraction
G-protein
signalling
cascade
Calcium
Magnesium
Calcium
Manganese
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Increased calcium binds
readily to calmodulin to
activate myosin light chain
kinase
There is an overall increase
in calcium levels in the
cytosol caused by the
activation of the Gq
signaling cascade
Cytosol
Myosin binds to actin
causing muscle contraction
Activation of myosin light
chain kinase leads to high
concentration of myosin LC-P
which causes contractions of
the muscles
Smooth Muscle of Blood
Vessel
Cardiomyocyte
Cytosol
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Calcium binding to troponin
displaces tropomyosin from
the myosin binding sites on
the actin filaments
Myosin, with an ADP and
phosphate attached, binds to
actin to form a cross
bridge. Myosin performs a
powerstroke, drawing the
actin filaments together.
Many actin filaments pulled
together at the same time
leads to muscle contraction.
Actin Filament
Myosin Filament
Single Sarcomere Functioning
Unit
The beta-1 adrenergic
receptor is coupled to and
activates the G-protein
signalling cascade.
the G-protein signalling
cascade activates protein
kinase which activates
calcium channels on the
membrane, resulting in
calcium influx.
Calcium activates the
ryanodine receptor on the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Calcium
PRKCA
CACNA1A
CACNB1
CACNA2D2
GNAQ
PLCB1
ITPR1
MYLK
TPM1
TPM2
ADRA1A
ADRB1
MYL3
MYL3
CACNA1C
CACNA2D2
CACNB1
RYR2
PRKAR1A
SLC8A1
CACNA1H
CACNA1G
PPP1CB
CALM1
ATP2A2
CALM1
PRKACA
Inositol 1,4,5-
trisphosphate
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Sodium
Sodium
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Adenosine
triphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol
4,5-
bisphosphate
Adenosine
triphosphate
Water
Calcium
Adenosine
diphosphate
Phosphate
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Diacylglycerol
Troponin
Troponin
Muscle
Contraction
Muscle
Relaxation
Muscle
Contraction
G-protein
signalling
cascade