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cAMP-dependent
protein kinase
type II-beta
regulatory
subunit
D(1A) dopamine
receptor
Adenylate
cyclase type 2
cAMP-dependent
protein kinase
catalytic
subunit alpha
cAMP-dependent
protein kinase
catalytic
subunit beta
cAMP-dependent
protein kinase
type I-alpha
regulatory
subunit
cAMP-dependent
protein kinase
catalytic
subunit gamma
cAMP-dependent
protein kinase
type I-beta
regulatory
subunit
cAMP-dependent
protein kinase
type II-alpha
regulatory
subunit
Alpha-1A
adrenergic
receptor
Sodium-
dependent
noradrenaline
transporter
Sodium-
dependent
dopamine
transporter
Synaptic
vesicular amine
transporter
Synaptic
vesicular amine
transporter
Voltage-
dependent
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-2/delta-1
Voltage-
dependent
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-2/delta-2
Voltage-
dependent
N-type calcium
channel subunit
alpha-1B
Voltage-
dependent
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-2/delta-1
Voltage-
dependent
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-2/delta-2
Voltage-
dependent
N-type calcium
channel subunit
alpha-1B
Dopamine beta-
hydroxylase
Aromatic-L-
amino-acid
decarboxylase
Tyrosine
3-monooxygenase
Tyrosine
3-monooxygenase
Aromatic-L-
amino-acid
decarboxylase
Guanine
nucleotide-
binding protein
G(s) subunit
alpha isoforms
short
cAMP
Ca
+
Norepinephrine
Ca
+
Dopamine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Bupropion
Bupropion
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Ca
+
Ca
+
Bupropion
Bupropion
Bupropion
Bupropion
Dopamine
Ascorbic acid
O
2
Dehydroascorbic acid
H
2
O
L-Dopa
CO
2
L-Tyrosine
L-Tyrosine
L-Dopa
CO
2
ATP
PP
i
GTP
Pyrroloquinoline
quinone
Copper
Pyridoxal
5'-phosphate
Fe2+
Fe2+
Pyridoxal
5'-phosphate
Neuronal
Excitability
Gq Signalling
cascade
Magnesium
Activation of D1 dopamine
receptors activates the Gs
signalling cascade which
leads to increased cAMP.
Postsynaptic Neuron
Reward Pathway
Limbic System
Activation of Alpha-1A
receptors activates the Gq
signalling cascade which has
a variety of excitatory
effects on neurons in the
brain.
Norepinephrine activates
neurons in the locus
coeruleus which activates
the limbic system. The
lymbic system is implicated
in emotions and cognition.
Increased cAMP results in
increased neural
excitability in the Limbic
System which helps regulate
behaviour and emotional
responses.
Limbic System
Limbic System
Emotions
Cognition
Cytosol
Presynaptic Neuron
The inhibition of
norepinephrine reuptake
receptors by Bupropion
causes more norepinephrine
to accumulate in the
synapse, causing the
continual activation of the
alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
Synapse
Synaptic Vesicle
The inhibition of dopamine
reuptake receptors by
Bupropion causes more
dopamine to accumulate in
the synapse, causing the
continual activation of the
D1 Dopamine receptor
Presynaptic Neuron
Cytosol
Synaptic Vesicle
Postsynaptic Neuron
Cytosol
Dopamine is produced in the
Ventral Tegmental Area of
the brain
Norepinephrine is produced
in the locus coeruleus
Prefrontal Cortex
Cytosol
Synapse
Increased dopamine activates
D1 dopamine receptor in the
limbic system
Increased norepinephrine
activates Alpha-1A
adrenergic receptorsthe
limbic system
Blood-Brain Barrier
Diffusion
Blood-Brain Barrier
Diffusion
PRKAR2B
DRD1
ADCY2
PRKACA
PRKACB
PRKAR1A
PRKACG
PRKAR1B
PRKAR2A
ADRA1A
SLC6A2
SLC6A3
SLC18A2
SLC18A2
CACNA2D1
CACNA2D2
CACNA1B
CACNA2D1
CACNA2D2
CACNA1B
DBH
DDC
TH
TH
DDC
GNAS
cAMP
Calcium
Norepinephrine
Calcium
Dopamine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Bupropion
Bupropion
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Calcium
Calcium
Bupropion
Bupropion
Bupropion
Bupropion
Dopamine
Ascorbic acid
Oxygen
Dehydroascorbic
acid
Water
L-Dopa
Carbon dioxide
L-Tyrosine
L-Tyrosine
L-Dopa
Carbon dioxide
Adenosine
triphosphate
Pyrophosphate
Guanosine
triphosphate
Neuronal
Excitability
Gq Signalling
cascade