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Homovanillic acid transporter 3,4- Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid transporter Hydroxytyrosol transporter Dopamine 4-sulfate transporter Epinephrine transporter Dopamine 3-O-sulfate transporter Dopamine-3-O- glucuronide transporter Homovanillic acid transporter Dopamine-4-O- glucuronid transporter 4-(2- Aminoethyl)- 2- methoxyphenol transporter Levodopa transporter Monocarboxylate transporter 10 Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 Catechol O- methyltransferase Aromatic-L- amino-acid decarboxylase Catechol O- methyltransferase Amine oxidase [flavin- containing] A Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring Dopamine beta- hydroxylase Amine oxidase [flavin- containing] A Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring Catechol O- methyltransferase Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP(+)] Sulfotransferase 1A1 Sulfotransferase 1A1 Phenylethanolamine N- methyltransferase UDP- glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UDP- glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 4-(2- Aminoethyl)- 2- methoxyphenol Dopamine-4-O- glucuronide Dopamine-3-O- glucuronide Homovanillic acid Hydroxytyrosol 3,4- Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid Dopamine 4-sulfate Epinephrine Dopamine 3-O-sulfate Homovanillic acid Homovanillic acid 3,4- Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid Hydroxytyrosol Dopamine 4-sulfate Epinephrine Dopamine 3-O-sulfate Dopamine-3-O- glucuronide Homovanillic acid Dopamine-4-O- glucuronide 4-(2- Aminoethyl)- 2- methoxyphenol L-Dopa L-Dopa L-Dopa L-Dopa L-Dopa L-Dopa S- Adenosylmethionine S- Adenosylhomocysteine H+ Dopamine CO2 S- Adenosylmethionine 3- Methoxytyramine H+ S- Adenosylhomocysteine H2O O2 Homovanillin H2O2 NH3 NAD H2O H+ NADH Ascorbic acid O2 Norepinephrine Dehydroascorbic acid H2O H2O O2 3,4- Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde NH3 H2O2 H2O NAD NADH H+ S- Adenosylmethionine S- Adenosylhomocysteine H+ NADPH H+ NADP Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate Adenosine 3',5'- diphosphate H+ Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate Adenosine 3',5'- diphosphate H+ S- Adenosylmethionine S- Adenosylhomocysteine Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid H+ Uridine 5'-diphosphate Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid H+ Uridine 5'-diphosphate FAD Magnesium Excretion Magnesium Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate FAD Copper Magnesium L-dopa is taken orally and absorbed in the intestine Once levodopa is converted to dopamine, it is converted to sulfated or glucuronidated metabolites, epinephrine E, or homovanillic acid The primary metabolites are 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (13-47%) and homovanillic acid (23-39%) Intestinal Epithelial Cell Cytosol Hepatocyte