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Pathway Description
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF)
Homo sapiens
Metabolic Pathway
Created: 2022-08-15
Last Updated: 2023-10-25
3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF), also known as 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-4-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid or 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid is a potent uremic toxin which significantly accumulates in the serum of chronic kidney disease patients. CMPF is believed to be formed from the consumption of furan fatty acids in fish, fruits, and vegetables. The furan fatty acids are probably converted to CMPF by microbes in the gut through unknown means. CMPF then enters the blood where in large concentrations such as cases of chronic kidney disease. CMPF is a strong inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration and causes thyroid dysfunction. CMPF also competitively inhibits the OAT3 transporters in the kidneys which inhibits renal secretion of various drugs and endogenous organic acids. CMPF also competively inhibits organic anion transports (OATs) at the blood-brain barrier, which is thought to cause neurological abnormalities. CMPF is elevated in diabetes and has been found to induce beta cell dysfunction.
References
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF) References
Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A: Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1258-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121175. Epub 2012 May 24.
Pubmed: 22626821
Tsutsumi Y, Deguchi T, Takano M, Takadate A, Lindup WE, Otagiri M: Renal disposition of a furan dicarboxylic acid and other uremic toxins in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):880-7. doi: 10.1124/jpet.303.2.880.
Pubmed: 12388676
Niwa T: Recent progress in the analysis of uremic toxins by mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 Sep 1;877(25):2600-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.11.032. Epub 2008 Nov 27.
Pubmed: 19083276
Tsutsumi Y, Deguchi T, Takano M, Takadate A, Lindup WE, Otagiri M: Renal disposition of a furan dicarboxylic acid and other uremic toxins in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):880-7. doi: 10.1124/jpet.303.2.880.
Pubmed: 12388676
Niwa T: Recent progress in the analysis of uremic toxins by mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 Sep 1;877(25):2600-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.11.032. Epub 2008 Nov 27.
Pubmed: 19083276
Deguchi T, Ohtsuki S, Otagiri M, Takanaga H, Asaba H, Mori S, Terasaki T: Major role of organic anion transporter 3 in the transport of indoxyl sulfate in the kidney. Kidney Int. 2002 May;61(5):1760-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00318.x.
Pubmed: 11967025
Xu L, Sinclair AJ, Faiza M, Li D, Han X, Yin H, Wang Y: Furan fatty acids - Beneficial or harmful to health? Prog Lipid Res. 2017 Oct;68:119-137. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.10.002. Epub 2017 Oct 16.
Pubmed: 29051014
Prentice KJ, Luu L, Allister EM, Liu Y, Jun LS, Sloop KW, Hardy AB, Wei L, Jia W, Fantus IG, Sweet DH, Sweeney G, Retnakaran R, Dai FF, Wheeler MB: The furan fatty acid metabolite CMPF is elevated in diabetes and induces beta cell dysfunction. Cell Metab. 2014 Apr 1;19(4):653-66. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.008.
Pubmed: 24703697
Srimaroeng C, Chatsudthipong V, Aslamkhan AG, Pritchard JB: Transport of the natural sweetener stevioside and its aglycone steviol by human organic anion transporter (hOAT1; SLC22A6) and hOAT3 (SLC22A8). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 May;313(2):621-8. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.080366. Epub 2005 Jan 11.
Pubmed: 15644426
Race JE, Grassl SM, Williams WJ, Holtzman EJ: Molecular cloning and characterization of two novel human renal organic anion transporters (hOAT1 and hOAT3). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Feb 16;255(2):508-14. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9978.
Pubmed: 10049739
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1285. Epub 2003 Dec 21.
Pubmed: 14702039
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