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Pathway Description
Ethosuximide Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Drug Action Pathway
Created: 2023-06-19
Last Updated: 2023-11-27
Ethosuximide is an anticonvulsant used to treat petit mal seizures. It can be found under the brand name Zarontin. An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures. Used in the treatment of epilepsy. Ethosuximide suppresses the paroxysmal three cycle per second spike and wave activity associated with lapses of consciousness which is common in absence (petit mal) seizures. The frequency of epileptiform attacks is reduced, apparently by depression of the motor cortex and elevation of the threshold of the central nervous system to convulsive stimuli. Binds to T-type voltage sensitive calcium channels. Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1G gives rise to T-type calcium currents. T-type calcium channels belong to the "low-voltage activated (LVA)" group and are strongly blocked by mibefradil. A particularity of this type of channels is an opening at quite negative potentials and a voltage-dependent inactivation. T-type channels serve pacemaking functions in both central neurons and cardiac nodal cells and support calcium signaling in secretory cells and vascular smooth muscle. They may also be involved in the modulation of firing patterns of neurons which is important for information processing as well as in cell growth processes. GABA release is inhibited due to mutations of the SCN1A, SCN1B gene causing enhanced reuptake. Possible side effects may include nausea, lethargy, insomnia, and hiccups.
References
Ethosuximide Pathway References
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Pubmed: 29126136
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Pubmed: 15309165
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Pubmed: 29432243
"Ethosuximide". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016.
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Pubmed: 8088791
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Pubmed: 1549570
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Pubmed: 12690205
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Pubmed: 12031963
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Pubmed: 14702039
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Pubmed: 11780052
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Pubmed: 11176968
Hans M, Urrutia A, Deal C, Brust PF, Stauderman K, Ellis SB, Harpold MM, Johnson EC, Williams ME: Structural elements in domain IV that influence biophysical and pharmacological properties of human alpha1A-containing high-voltage-activated calcium channels. Biophys J. 1999 Mar;76(3):1384-400. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77300-5.
Pubmed: 10049321
Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Vergouwe MN, van Eijk R, Oefner PJ, Hoffman SM, Lamerdin JE, Mohrenweiser HW, Bulman DE, Ferrari M, Haan J, Lindhout D, van Ommen GJ, Hofker MH, Ferrari MD, Frants RR: Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):543-52. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81373-2.
Pubmed: 8898206
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Pubmed: 12891677
Heron SE, Phillips HA, Mulley JC, Mazarib A, Neufeld MY, Berkovic SF, Scheffer IE: Genetic variation of CACNA1H in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2004 Apr;55(4):595-6. doi: 10.1002/ana.20028.
Pubmed: 15048902
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Pubmed: 27729216
Toyota M, Ho C, Ohe-Toyota M, Baylin SB, Issa JP: Inactivation of CACNA1G, a T-type calcium channel gene, by aberrant methylation of its 5' CpG island in human tumors. Cancer Res. 1999 Sep 15;59(18):4535-41.
Pubmed: 10493502
Morino H, Matsuda Y, Muguruma K, Miyamoto R, Ohsawa R, Ohtake T, Otobe R, Watanabe M, Maruyama H, Hashimoto K, Kawakami H: A mutation in the low voltage-gated calcium channel CACNA1G alters the physiological properties of the channel, causing spinocerebellar ataxia. Mol Brain. 2015 Dec 29;8:89. doi: 10.1186/s13041-015-0180-4.
Pubmed: 26715324
Chemin J, Siquier-Pernet K, Nicouleau M, Barcia G, Ahmad A, Medina-Cano D, Hanein S, Altin N, Hubert L, Bole-Feysot C, Fourage C, Nitschke P, Thevenon J, Rio M, Blanc P, Vidal C, Bahi-Buisson N, Desguerre I, Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Boddaert N, Fassi E, Shinawi M, Zimmerman H, Amiel J, Faivre L, Colleaux L, Lory P, Cantagrel V: De novo mutation screening in childhood-onset cerebellar atrophy identifies gain-of-function mutations in the CACNA1G calcium channel gene. Brain. 2018 Jul 1;141(7):1998-2013. doi: 10.1093/brain/awy145.
Pubmed: 29878067
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