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Pathway Description
Echothiophate Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Drug Action Pathway
Created: 2023-08-17
Last Updated: 2023-11-27
Echothiophate also known as phospholine iodide is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, used in the treatment of glaucoma in order to increase the drainage of intraocular fluid. It is administered via eye drops and acts on acetylcholinesterase preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine allowing it to elicit its parasympathetic effects on the eye by continuing to bind to muscarinic receptors. Doing so causes miosis (constriction of the pupil) causing an outflow of aqueous humor and reducing intraocular pressure. Side effects such as change in vision both near or far, eye pain and blurred vision can occur.
References
Echothiophate Pathway References
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Pubmed: 25818282
GRAY LF, ROBINSON JP: The clinical evaluation of echothiophate (phospholine iodide) in the treatment of glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1960 May;49:1162-5. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(60)91629-9.
Pubmed: 13829115
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Pubmed: 6732575
Rothkoff L, Biedner B, Blumenthal M: Echothiophate iodide for flat anterior chamber following cataract extraction. Ophthalmic Surg. 1977 Dec;8(6):62-4.
Pubmed: 600492
Toussaint JL, Geoffroy V, Schmitt M, Werner A, Garnier JM, Simoni P, Kempf J: Human choline acetyltransferase (CHAT): partial gene sequence and potential control regions. Genomics. 1992 Feb;12(2):412-6.
Pubmed: 1339386
Kraner S, Laufenberg I, Strassburg HM, Sieb JP, Steinlein OK: Congenital myasthenic syndrome with episodic apnea in patients homozygous for a CHAT missense mutation. Arch Neurol. 2003 May;60(5):761-3. doi: 10.1001/archneur.60.5.761.
Pubmed: 12756141
Oda Y, Nakanishi I, Deguchi T: A complementary DNA for human choline acetyltransferase induces two forms of enzyme with different molecular weights in cultured cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1992 Dec;16(3-4):287-94. doi: 10.1016/0169-328x(92)90237-6.
Pubmed: 1337937
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Pubmed: 11239002
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Pubmed: 2263619
Karpel R, Ben Aziz-Aloya R, Sternfeld M, Ehrlich G, Ginzberg D, Tarroni P, Clementi F, Zakut H, Soreq H: Expression of three alternative acetylcholinesterase messenger RNAs in human tumor cell lines of different tissue origins. Exp Cell Res. 1994 Feb;210(2):268-77. doi: 10.1006/excr.1994.1039.
Pubmed: 8299725
Williams ME, Brust PF, Feldman DH, Patthi S, Simerson S, Maroufi A, McCue AF, Velicelebi G, Ellis SB, Harpold MM: Structure and functional expression of an omega-conotoxin-sensitive human N-type calcium channel. Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):389-95. doi: 10.1126/science.1321501.
Pubmed: 1321501
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Pubmed: 15164053
Kim DS, Jung HH, Park SH, Chin H: Isolation and characterization of the 5'-upstream region of the human N-type calcium channel alpha1B subunit gene. Chromosomal localization and promoter analysis. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 21;272(8):5098-104. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.8.5098.
Pubmed: 9030575
Klugbauer N, Lacinova L, Marais E, Hobom M, Hofmann F: Molecular diversity of the calcium channel alpha2delta subunit. J Neurosci. 1999 Jan 15;19(2):684-91.
Pubmed: 9880589
Gao B, Sekido Y, Maximov A, Saad M, Forgacs E, Latif F, Wei MH, Lerman M, Lee JH, Perez-Reyes E, Bezprozvanny I, Minna JD: Functional properties of a new voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha(2)delta auxiliary subunit gene (CACNA2D2). J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 21;275(16):12237-42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.12237.
Pubmed: 10766861
Hobom M, Dai S, Marais E, Lacinova L, Hofmann F, Klugbauer N: Neuronal distribution and functional characterization of the calcium channel alpha2delta-2 subunit. Eur J Neurosci. 2000 Apr;12(4):1217-26. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.01009.x.
Pubmed: 10762351
Escayg A, Jones JM, Kearney JA, Hitchcock PF, Meisler MH: Calcium channel beta 4 (CACNB4): human ortholog of the mouse epilepsy gene lethargic. Genomics. 1998 May 15;50(1):14-22. doi: 10.1006/geno.1998.5311.
Pubmed: 9628818
Escayg A, De Waard M, Lee DD, Bichet D, Wolf P, Mayer T, Johnston J, Baloh R, Sander T, Meisler MH: Coding and noncoding variation of the human calcium-channel beta4-subunit gene CACNB4 in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and episodic ataxia. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 May;66(5):1531-9. doi: 10.1086/302909. Epub 2000 Apr 4.
Pubmed: 10762541
Taviaux S, Williams ME, Harpold MM, Nargeot J, Lory P: Assignment of human genes for beta 2 and beta 4 subunits of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels to chromosomes 10p12 and 2q22-q23. Hum Genet. 1997 Aug;100(2):151-4. doi: 10.1007/pl00008704.
Pubmed: 9254841
Powers PA, Liu S, Hogan K, Gregg RG: Skeletal muscle and brain isoforms of a beta-subunit of human voltage-dependent calcium channels are encoded by a single gene. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):22967-72.
Pubmed: 1385409
Williams ME, Feldman DH, McCue AF, Brenner R, Velicelebi G, Ellis SB, Harpold MM: Structure and functional expression of alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta subunits of a novel human neuronal calcium channel subtype. Neuron. 1992 Jan;8(1):71-84. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90109-q.
Pubmed: 1309651
Collin T, Wang JJ, Nargeot J, Schwartz A: Molecular cloning of three isoforms of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel beta subunit from normal human heart. Circ Res. 1993 Jun;72(6):1337-44. doi: 10.1161/01.res.72.6.1337.
Pubmed: 7916667
Peralta EG, Ashkenazi A, Winslow JW, Smith DH, Ramachandran J, Capon DJ: Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 20;6(13):3923-9.
Pubmed: 3443095
Bonner TI, Young AC, Brann MR, Buckley NJ: Cloning and expression of the human and rat m5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes. Neuron. 1988 Jul;1(5):403-10. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(88)90190-0.
Pubmed: 3272174
Kitano T, Liu YH, Ueda S, Saitou N: Human-specific amino acid changes found in 103 protein-coding genes. Mol Biol Evol. 2004 May;21(5):936-44. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh100. Epub 2004 Mar 10.
Pubmed: 15014171
Van Raamsdonk CD, Bezrookove V, Green G, Bauer J, Gaugler L, O'Brien JM, Simpson EM, Barsh GS, Bastian BC: Frequent somatic mutations of GNAQ in uveal melanoma and blue naevi. Nature. 2009 Jan 29;457(7229):599-602. doi: 10.1038/nature07586. Epub 2008 Dec 10.
Pubmed: 19078957
Murali R, Wiesner T, Rosenblum MK, Bastian BC: GNAQ and GNA11 mutations in melanocytomas of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Mar;123(3):457-9. doi: 10.1007/s00401-012-0948-x. Epub 2012 Feb 4.
Pubmed: 22307269
Dong Q, Shenker A, Way J, Haddad BR, Lin K, Hughes MR, McBride OW, Spiegel AM, Battey J: Molecular cloning of human G alpha q cDNA and chromosomal localization of the G alpha q gene (GNAQ) and a processed pseudogene. Genomics. 1995 Dec 10;30(3):470-75. doi: 10.1006/geno.1995.1267.
Pubmed: 8825633
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