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Pathway Description
Coagulation
Homo sapiens
Physiological Pathway
Created: 2023-09-20
Last Updated: 2024-01-21
Coagulation of the blood can be initiation from two different pathways that both result in formation of thrombin which converts blood soluble fibrinogen into the insoluble fibrin clot at the site of injury. The intrinsic pathway is activated by trauma inside vasculature and is activated by platelets, exposed endothelium and collagen. In the liver the coagulation factors VII, IX, and X are produced there as they are vitamin K-dependent proteins. Exposed collagen from broken vessels binds to factor XII activating it to XIIa which converts prekallikrein and factor XI to kallikrein and factor XIa respectively. The extrinsic pathway is activated by the external trauma of blood escaping the vasculature system as the membrane-bound protein tissue factor (TF) is exposed to factors VII or VIIa in the plasma forming a strong activator complex. This activator complex of VIIa and TF converts factor X to the activated form. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways lead to the prothrombinase complex as both pathways activate factor X, an important player in the complex. The prothrombinase complex converts prothrombin to thrombin further allowing the conversion of insoluble fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin at first is loose and unstable and is stabilized by coagulation factor XIIIa which cross-links them to form the fibrin clot/mesh that stops blood leaking from the vasculature system. The activated proteins are colored orange.
References
Coagulation References
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Pubmed: 14765194
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Pubmed: 20946155
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Pubmed: 14765195
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Pubmed: 1749935
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Pubmed: 14702039
Chung DW, Chan WY, Davie EW: Characterization of a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid coding for the gamma chain of human fibrinogen. Biochemistry. 1983 Jun 21;22(13):3250-6. doi: 10.1021/bi00282a033.
Pubmed: 6688357
Rixon MW, Chung DW, Davie EW: Nucleotide sequence of the gene for the gamma chain of human fibrinogen. Biochemistry. 1985 Apr 9;24(8):2077-86. doi: 10.1021/bi00329a041.
Pubmed: 2990550
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Pubmed: 2318848
Forsgren M, Raden B, Israelsson M, Larsson K, Heden LO: Molecular cloning and characterization of a full-length cDNA clone for human plasminogen. FEBS Lett. 1987 Mar 23;213(2):254-60. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)81501-6.
Pubmed: 3030813
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Pubmed: 14574404
Kurachi K, Davie EW: Isolation and characterization of a cDNA coding for human factor IX. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(21):6461-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.21.6461.
Pubmed: 6959130
Jaye M, de la Salle H, Schamber F, Balland A, Kohli V, Findeli A, Tolstoshev P, Lecocq JP: Isolation of a human anti-haemophilic factor IX cDNA clone using a unique 52-base synthetic oligonucleotide probe deduced from the amino acid sequence of bovine factor IX. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Apr 25;11(8):2325-35. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.8.2325.
Pubmed: 6687940
Anson DS, Choo KH, Rees DJ, Giannelli F, Gould K, Huddleston JA, Brownlee GG: The gene structure of human anti-haemophilic factor IX. EMBO J. 1984 May;3(5):1053-60.
Pubmed: 6329734
Truett MA, Blacher R, Burke RL, Caput D, Chu C, Dina D, Hartog K, Kuo CH, Masiarz FR, Merryweather JP, et al.: Characterization of the polypeptide composition of human factor VIII:C and the nucleotide sequence and expression of the human kidney cDNA. DNA. 1985 Oct;4(5):333-49. doi: 10.1089/dna.1985.4.333.
Pubmed: 3935400
Wood WI, Capon DJ, Simonsen CC, Eaton DL, Gitschier J, Keyt B, Seeburg PH, Smith DH, Hollingshead P, Wion KL, Delwart E, Tuddenham EG, Vehar GA, Lawn RM: Expression of active human factor VIII from recombinant DNA clones. Nature. 1984 Nov 22-28;312(5992):330-7. doi: 10.1038/312330a0.
Pubmed: 6438526
Levinson B, Kenwrick S, Gamel P, Fisher K, Gitschier J: Evidence for a third transcript from the human factor VIII gene. Genomics. 1992 Nov;14(3):585-9.
Pubmed: 1427887
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