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Pathway Description
Regulation of Lipolysis
Homo sapiens
Signaling Pathway
Created: 2025-03-28
Last Updated: 2025-04-21
Adipocyte lipolysis is a highly regulated metabolic process in which triacylglycerols stored in lipid droplets are enzymatically hydrolyzed to free fatty acids and glycerol to meet systemic energy demands. This multistep cascade is orchestrated by the sequential action of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which converts triacylglycerol into diacylglycerol; hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which degrades diacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol; and finally monoglyceride lipase (MGL), which liberates the last fatty acid and glycerol. In the fed or postprandial state, insulin serves as the principal antilipolytic hormone: upon binding its receptor on adipocytes, it activates the PI3K–Akt signaling axis, leading to stimulation of phosphodiesterase‑3B (PDE3B), reduction of intracellular cAMP levels, and suppression of PKA‑dependent phosphorylation of key lipolytic effectors. Concurrently, insulin enhances adipocyte synthesis of prostaglandin E₂ via the PGE₂–EP3 receptor pathway, providing an additional autocrine brake on lipase activation. Beyond hormonal control, under energy‑replete conditions intracellular “molecular brakes” further restrain lipolysis: lipid droplet–associated proteins bind ATGL to limit its access to stored triglyceride, while prostaglandin E₂ itself acts in concert with prostacyclin as a potent antilipolytic mediator. By contrast, during fasting or cold exposure sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine, which binds β‑adrenergic receptors on adipocytes to activate Gs proteins and adenylyl cyclase, raising cAMP levels. Elevated cAMP then activates PKA, which phosphorylates both perilipin 1—liberating CGI‑58 to co‑activate ATGL—and HSL, promoting its translocation to the lipid droplet surface for efficient diacylglycerol hydrolysis. The liberated fatty acids not only fuel peripheral tissues but also serve as ligands or precursors for PPARα/γ nuclear receptors, thereby coupling lipolysis to transcriptional programs governing energy homeostasis.
References
Regulation of Lipolysis References
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