Loading Pathway...
Error: Pathway image not found.
Hide
Pathway Description
Promethazine H1-Antihistamine Action
Homo sapiens
Drug Action Pathway
Created: 2017-09-18
Last Updated: 2021-05-06
Promethazine is a first-generation phenothiazine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.
References
Promethazine H1-Antihistamine Action References
Simons FE, Simons KJ: Histamine and H1-antihistamines: celebrating a century of progress. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Dec;128(6):1139-1150.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.005. Epub 2011 Oct 27.
Pubmed: 22035879
Simons FE: H1-receptor antagonists. Comparative tolerability and safety. Drug Saf. 1994 May;10(5):350-80.
Pubmed: 7913608
Mignery GA, Sudhof TC: The ligand binding site and transduction mechanism in the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor. EMBO J. 1990 Dec;9(12):3893-8.
Pubmed: 2174351
Caricasole A, Sala C, Roncarati R, Formenti E, Terstappen GC: Cloning and characterization of the human phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-beta 1 (PLC beta 1). Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Dec 15;1517(1):63-72. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00260-8.
Pubmed: 11118617
Peruzzi D, Calabrese G, Faenza I, Manzoli L, Matteucci A, Gianfrancesco F, Billi AM, Stuppia L, Palka G, Cocco L: Identification and chromosomal localisation by fluorescence in situ hybridisation of human gene of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C beta(1). Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Apr 12;1484(2-3):175-82. doi: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00012-3.
Pubmed: 10760467
Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. IX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res. 1998 Feb 28;5(1):31-9. doi: 10.1093/dnares/5.1.31.
Pubmed: 9628581
Petrovski S, Kury S, Myers CT, Anyane-Yeboa K, Cogne B, Bialer M, Xia F, Hemati P, Riviello J, Mehaffey M, Besnard T, Becraft E, Wadley A, Politi AR, Colombo S, Zhu X, Ren Z, Andrews I, Dudding-Byth T, Schneider AL, Wallace G, Rosen ABI, Schelley S, Enns GM, Corre P, Dalton J, Mercier S, Latypova X, Schmitt S, Guzman E, Moore C, Bier L, Heinzen EL, Karachunski P, Shur N, Grebe T, Basinger A, Nguyen JM, Bezieau S, Wierenga K, Bernstein JA, Scheffer IE, Rosenfeld JA, Mefford HC, Isidor B, Goldstein DB: Germline De Novo Mutations in GNB1 Cause Severe Neurodevelopmental Disability, Hypotonia, and Seizures. Am J Hum Genet. 2016 May 5;98(5):1001-1010. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.03.011. Epub 2016 Apr 21.
Pubmed: 27108799
Codina J, Stengel D, Woo SL, Birnbaumer L: Beta-subunits of the human liver Gs/Gi signal-transducing proteins and those of bovine retinal rod cell transducin are identical. FEBS Lett. 1986 Oct 27;207(2):187-92. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)81486-7.
Pubmed: 3095147
Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. doi: 10.1038/nature04727.
Pubmed: 16710414
Modarressi MH, Taylor KE, Wolfe J: Cloning, characterization, and mapping of the gene encoding the human G protein gamma 2 subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 7;272(2):610-5. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2832.
Pubmed: 10833460
Bechtel S, Rosenfelder H, Duda A, Schmidt CP, Ernst U, Wellenreuther R, Mehrle A, Schuster C, Bahr A, Blocker H, Heubner D, Hoerlein A, Michel G, Wedler H, Kohrer K, Ottenwalder B, Poustka A, Wiemann S, Schupp I: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA Consortium. BMC Genomics. 2007 Oct 31;8:399. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-399.
Pubmed: 17974005
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. doi: 10.1101/gr.2596504.
Pubmed: 15489334
De Backer MD, Gommeren W, Moereels H, Nobels G, Van Gompel P, Leysen JE, Luyten WH: Genomic cloning, heterologous expression and pharmacological characterization of a human histamine H1 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Dec 30;197(3):1601-8. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2662.
Pubmed: 8280179
Fukui H, Fujimoto K, Mizuguchi H, Sakamoto K, Horio Y, Takai S, Yamada K, Ito S: Molecular cloning of the human histamine H1 receptor gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Jun 15;201(2):894-901. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1786.
Pubmed: 8003029
Moguilevsky N, Varsalona F, Noyer M, Gillard M, Guillaume JP, Garcia L, Szpirer C, Szpirer J, Bollen A: Stable expression of human H1-histamine-receptor cDNA in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Pharmacological characterisation of the protein, tissue distribution of messenger RNA and chromosomal localisation of the gene. Eur J Biochem. 1994 Sep 1;224(2):489-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00489.x.
Pubmed: 7925364
Van Raamsdonk CD, Bezrookove V, Green G, Bauer J, Gaugler L, O'Brien JM, Simpson EM, Barsh GS, Bastian BC: Frequent somatic mutations of GNAQ in uveal melanoma and blue naevi. Nature. 2009 Jan 29;457(7229):599-602. doi: 10.1038/nature07586. Epub 2008 Dec 10.
Pubmed: 19078957
Murali R, Wiesner T, Rosenblum MK, Bastian BC: GNAQ and GNA11 mutations in melanocytomas of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Mar;123(3):457-9. doi: 10.1007/s00401-012-0948-x. Epub 2012 Feb 4.
Pubmed: 22307269
Dong Q, Shenker A, Way J, Haddad BR, Lin K, Hughes MR, McBride OW, Spiegel AM, Battey J: Molecular cloning of human G alpha q cDNA and chromosomal localization of the G alpha q gene (GNAQ) and a processed pseudogene. Genomics. 1995 Dec 10;30(3):470-75. doi: 10.1006/geno.1995.1267.
Pubmed: 8825633
Highlighted elements will appear in red.
Highlight Compounds
Highlight Proteins
Enter relative concentration values (without units). Elements will be highlighted in a color gradient where red = lowest concentration and green = highest concentration. For the best results, view the pathway in Black and White.
Visualize Compound Data
Visualize Protein Data
Downloads
Settings