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Showing 64941 -
64950 of 605359 pathways
SMPDB ID | Pathway Name and Description | Pathway Class | Chemical Compounds | Proteins |
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SMP0000747View Pathway |
Zidovudine Action PathwayThe discovery of AIDS prompted the search for agents that block the HIV replication process. Zidovudine (AZT) is a nucleoside analogue of thymidine, and was shown to reduce considerably the mortality of patients with AIDS. Zidovudine is toxic to the hemtopoietic system, causing anemia and neutropenia. It is clear, however, that disease progression can occur during continued administration of zidovudine. Moreover, zidovudine is not effective in treating Kaposi sarcoma, a common complication of HIV infection. Zidovudine therapy is also associated with a high incidence of toxicity, primarily bone marrow suppression, that requires dosage reduction or discontinuation of the therapy.
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Drug Action
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SMP0124946View Pathway |
Zidovudine Anti-Viral Action Pathway
Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections.
When HIV infects a cell, the virus first binds and fuses with the cell, releasing its nucleocapsid containing its RNA and reverse transcriptase into the cytosol of the cell. The reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into viral DNA in the cytosol. The viral DNA goes to the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex where it undergoes the process of transcription. The new viral RNA formed from transcription is transported back to the cytosol through the nuclear pore complex and translation occurs to produce viral proteins. These viral proteins are assembled and new HIV viruses bud from the cell.
Zidovudine enters the cell via solute carrier family 22 member 6 and is converted into zidovudine monophosphate by thymidine kinase. Thymidylate kinase then converts zidovudine monophosphate into zidovudine diphosphate. Zidovudine diphosphate is metabolized to zidovudine triphosphate via nucleoside diphosphate kinase A.
Zidovudine triphosphate is an analog of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP). Zidovudine diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by competing with its substrate, dGTP and by incorporation into viral DNA. Zidovudine triphosphate lacks the 3'-OH group which is needed to form the 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, therefore, once Zidovudine triphosphate gets incorporated into DNA, this causes DNA chain termination, preventing the growth of viral DNA. Less viral proteins are therefore produced, and there is a reduction in new viruses being formed.
Zidovudine has a high frequency of side effects that limits its use. Side effects of taking zidovudine may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, myalgia, insomnia, bone marrow suppression, peripheral myopathy, elevated liver enzyme, lactic acidosis and hepatotoxicity.
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Drug Action
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SMP0142949View Pathway |
Zidovudine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway |
Drug Action
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SMP0125559View Pathway |
Zidovudine Metabolism |
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SMP0130429View Pathway |
Zildistrogene varoparvovec Drug Metabolism |
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SMP0143187View Pathway |
Zileuton Drug Metabolism Action Pathway |
Drug Action
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SMP0174835View Pathway |
Zileuton Predicted Metabolism PathwayMetabolites of Zileuton are predicted with biotransformer.
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SMP0143916View Pathway |
Zimelidine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway |
Drug Action
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SMP0130559View Pathway |
Zinc acetate Drug MetabolismZinc acetate is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Zinc acetate passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.
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SMP0145145View Pathway |
Zinc acetate Drug Metabolism Action Pathway |
Drug Action
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Showing 64941 -
64950 of 65006 pathways