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Showing 421 - 430 of 605359 pathways
SMPDB ID Pathway Name and Description Pathway Class Chemical Compounds Proteins

SMP0000081

Pw000327 View Pathway

Methyclothiazide Action Pathway

Methyclothiazide (also known as Enduron or Methyclothiazid) is an organic compound that used for diuretic. It can inhibit the solute carrier family 12 member 3 (also known as sodium-chloride symporter) in the nephron to prevent water reabsorption. Solute carrier family 12 member 3 is also used for sodium reabsorption that count for 5% of total amount. Solute carrier family 12 member 3 transports chloride and sodium from lumen to epithelial cell, and sodium/potassium ATPases facilitate the export of sodium to basolateral interstitium to provide sodium gradient that will increase the osmolarity in interstitium, which lead to establishment of osmotic gradient for water reabsorption.
Drug Action

SMP0000121

Pw000339 View Pathway

Trichlormethiazide Action Pathway

Trichlormethiazide is a pharmacologically-active small molecule that belongs to a class of drugs called thiazides. Thiazides and thiazide-like drugs are diuretics commonly employed to control hypertension. Trichloromethiazide acts by inhibiting chloride and potentially sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle, specifically at solute carrier family 12 member 3. This action results in increased fluid loss which ultimately reduces blood volume and pressure. Trichlormethiazide also acts to inhibit sodium uptake and increase potassium excretion which also serves to increase fluid loss. The long-term antihypertensive effects of thiazides and thiazide-like drugs such as trichlormethiazide are not well-characterized but may involve its action on carbonic anhydrases.
Drug Action

SMP0000193

Pw000219 View Pathway

Iminoglycinuria

Iminoglycinuria, also called familial iminoglycinuria, is an autosomal recessive disorder of renal reabsorption caused primarily by a defective SLC36A2 gene. SLC36A2 codes for a proton-coupled amino acid transporter which facilitates the reuptake of glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. This disorder is characterized by a large accumulation of glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline in the urine. Symptoms of the disorder include urolithiasis and mental retardation.
Disease

SMP0060740

Pw061690 View Pathway

Olopatadine H1-Antihistamine Action

Olopatadine is a second-generation tricyclic H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.
Drug Action

SMP0062886

Pw063843 View Pathway

Pimethixene H1-Antihistamine Action

Pimethixene is a thioxanthene H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.
Drug Action

SMP0062621

Pw063576 View Pathway

Tolpropamine H1-Antihistamine Action

Tolpropamine is an alkylamine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.
Drug Action

SMP0060208

Pw061157 View Pathway

Terfenadine H1-Antihistamine Action

Terfenadine is a second-generation piperidine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.
Drug Action

SMP0000461

Pw000435 View Pathway

Gliclazide Action Pathway

Gliclazide is a sulfonylurea drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Gliclazide acts on pancreatic beta-cells to stimulate insulin secretion. Under physiological conditions, insulin secretion from beta-cells is mediated by elevated glucose concentration in the blood. Glucose enters the cell via GLUT2 (SLC2A2) transporters. Once inside the cell, glucose is metabolized to produce ATP. High concentration of ATP will inhibit ATP-dependent potassium channels (ABCC8), which depolarizes the cell. Depolarization causes opening of voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing calcium to enter cell. High intracellular calcium subsequently stimulate vesicle exocytosis and insulin secretion. Gliclazide stimulates insulin secretion by directly inhibiting ATP-dependent potassium channels.
Drug Action

SMP0056661

Pw057579 View Pathway

Chlorphenamine H1-Antihistamine Action

Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine) is a first-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.
Drug Action

SMP0060170

Pw061119 View Pathway

Bilastine H1-Antihistamine Action

Bilastine is a second-generation piperidine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.
Drug Action
Showing 421 - 430 of 65005 pathways