Pathways

Sulfamethizole is a synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotic from the sulfonamide drug class. It has a broad spectrum against most gram-positive and many gram-negative organisms. This drug inhibits the replication of the infecting bacteria by competitively binding the dihydropteroate synthase protein. This enzyme catalyzes one of the reactions of the folic acid metabolism acid. With this inhibition, the bacteria can't synthesize folic acid, an essential component for their growth (DNA). The inhibition causes the bacteria not to be able to replicate anymore but does not cause their death. It is administered as an oral capsule.

Sulfamethoxazole is an oral sulfonamide antibiotic, given in combination with trimethoprim, used to treat a variety of infections of the urinary tract, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract. Sulfamethoxazole is a bacteriostatic sulfonamide antibiotic that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. It is generally given in combination with trimethoprim, which inhibits a sequential step in bacterial folic acid synthesis - these agents work synergistically to block two consecutive steps in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins which are necessary for bacterial growth and division, and using them in conjunction helps to slow the development of bacterial resistance. Sulfamethoxazole is indicated in combination with trimethoprim, in various formulations, for the following infections caused by bacteria with documented susceptibility: urinary tract infections, acute otitis media in pediatric patients (when clinically indicated), acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in adults, enteritis caused by susceptible Shigella, prophylaxis and treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, and travelers' diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits bacterial dihydrofolic acid synthesis due to its structural similarity to an endogenous substrate, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Most bacteria meet their need for folic acid by synthesizing it from PABA, as opposed to Animalia that require exogenous folic acid sources. Sulfamethoxazole competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, the enzyme responsible for bacterial conversion of PABA to dihydrofolic acid. Inhibition of this pathway prevents the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate and, ultimately, the synthesis of bacterial purines and DNA, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect. Common side effects include loss of appetite, nausea/vomiting/dyspepsia, painful or swollen tongue, dizziness, tinnitus, fatigue, insomnia, rash/urticaria, anorexia, photosensitivity.

Metabolites of Sulfamethoxazole are predicted with biotransformer.

Metabolites of Sulfametopyrazine are predicted with biotransformer.

Sulfanilamide is a synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotic from the sulfonamide drug class. This molecule consists of a sulfonamide functional group attached to an aniline. This drug is used to treat vulvovaginitis caused by Candida albicans even though it has a wide spectrum against most gram-positive and many gram-negative organisms. It acts by inhibiting the dihydropteroate synthase, an important enzyme in the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria. This enzyme uses para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to synthesize dihydropteric acid, a substrate to do folic acid. When this reaction is inhibited, the bacteria cannot produce purine anymore, resulting in the inhibition of the replication. Sulfanilamide is administered as a vaginal cream, thus it is directly absorbed through the vaginal mucosa. Side effects of this treatment include itching, burning, redness, and swelling. Long-term use of this drug may result in cancer of the thyroid gland.

Sulfaphenazole is a synthetic antibacterial from the sulfonamide drug class. This drug is indicated for the treatment of many different bacterial infections like leprosy. It is used in humans and many animals. Sulfaphenazole acts as a competitive inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). This enzyme does the condensation of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and dihydropteroate diphosphate. This reaction, and the ones following, results in the synthesis of folate. Folate is an important molecule for the growth of the bacteria. The inhibition of their synthesis results in the inhibition of their growth and, in the long term, their death.